Ailyn MenéndezQUINTANILLA BASTIDAS ISAIAS ANTONIO202022-12-20T16:27:00Z2022-12-20T16:27:00Z2022-12-20T16:27:00Z118710479083991135650516<data data-version="3" zotero-version="6.0.18"><session id="NZV0QjsU"/><style id="http://www.zotero.org/styles/apa" locale="es-ES" hasBibliography="1" bibliographyStyleHasBeenSet="1"/><prefs><pref name="fieldType" value="Field"/><pref name="automaticJournalAbbreviations" value="true"/></prefs></data>Obtaining and purifying glycerin through transesterification from residual fat from chicken roasters.Obtención y purificación de glicerina mediante la transesterificación a partir de grasa residual de los asaderos de pollo.Autores:Menéndez Simisterra, Ailin LucreciaUNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE MANABÍEgresadaPortoviejo -EcuadoriVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAEkAAABGCAMAAAC3+0k7AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACx
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5508-2862Quiñonez Hurtado, Neisser AlexanderUNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE MANABÍEgresadoPortoviejo -Ecuadornquinonez6099@utm.edu.echttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8068-7150García Muentes, Segundo AlcidesUNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE MANABÍDocentePortoviejo -Ecuadorsegundo.garcia@utm.edu.echttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8152-3406García Vinces, Gonzalo OswaldoUNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE MANABÍDocentePortoviejo -Ecuadorgonzalo.garcia@utm.edu.echttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9819-7451García Ávila, Adriana GabrielaUNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE MANABÍMédico cirujanoPortoviejo -Ecuadoragarcia1049@utm.edu.echttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7862-7063Citación/como citar este artículo: Menéndez, A., Quiñonez, N., García, S., García, G., García, A. (2023). Obtención y purificación de glicerina mediante la transesterificación a partir de grasa residual de los asaderos de pollo. MQRInvestigar, 7(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.1.2023.3-17 Fechas de recepción: 01-DIC-2022 aceptación: 20-DIC-2022 publicación: 15-MAR-2023iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAEkAAABICAYAAAC6L9h5AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAV
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8695-5005http://mqrinvestigar.com/ResumenEl presente trabajo investigativo se centró en la obtención de glicerina mediante un proceso de transesterificación empleando como materia prima el aceite de la grasa residual de los asaderos de pollo del cantón Portoviejo de la provincia de Manabí, misma que se caracterizó siguiendo las especificaciones de las normas ASTM y NTC con el fin de conocer las condiciones de la materia prima y determinar las condiciones óptimas para el proceso de extracción de la glicerina; los valores de la caracterización del aceite resultaron favorables para seguir con el proceso de transesterificación y purificación de la glicerina. Para la obtención de glicerina el aceite se sometió a un proceso de transesterificación y purificación; el producto obtenido en los procesos antes mencionados se caracterizó para determinar las condiciones de la glicerina cruda y purificada y comparar los resultados de la caracterización con los de la norma de calidad que establece la FDA, en donde se evidenció que la concentración de la glicerina cruda tuvo un valor de 32,64% y la glicerina purificada un valor de 83,3%, mismo que es cercano al de la glicerina de grado técnico. En el proceso de acidificación la glicerina obtuvo pH 4, valor que se ajustó con una base fuerte para que éste cumpla con la norma de la glicerina (pH 6). Con los resultados arrojados en este trabajo se concluyó que es factible la obtención de glicerina a partir de la grasa residual de los asaderos de pollo.Palabras clave: Glicerina, purificación, aceite de grasa de pollo, transesterificación.AbstractThe present investigative work focused on obtaining glycerin through a transesterification process using as raw material the oil from the residual fat of the chicken roasters of the Portoviejo canton of the Manabí province, which was characterized following the specifications of the standards. ASTM and NTC in order to know the conditions of the raw material and determine the optimal conditions for the glycerin extraction process; the values of the characterization of the oil were favorable to continue with the process of transesterification and purification of glycerin. To obtain glycerin, the oil underwent a transesterification and purification process; The product obtained in the aforementioned processes was characterized to determine the conditions of crude and purified glycerin and to compare the results of the characterization with those of the quality standard established by the FDA, where it was evidenced that the concentration of crude glycerin it had a value of 32.64% and purified glycerin a value of 83.3%, which is close to that of technical grade glycerin. In the acidification process, glycerin obtained a pH of 4, a value that was adjusted with a strong base so that it complies with the glycerin standard (pH6). With the results obtained in this work, it was concluded that it is feasible to obtain glycerin from the residual fat of chicken roasters.Keywords: Glycerin, purification, chicken fat oil, transesterification.IntroducciónDesde el año 2004, la producción mundial de glicerol ha crecido considerablemente al ser un subproducto del proceso de fabricación de biodiésel en una cantidad aproximada del 10% en peso de los triglicéridos que componen los aceites y grasas utilizados como materia prima. Para el 2015, la producción global de glicerina fue de 4.3 MT/año; sin embargo, la demanda de este compuesto se registró en 2.0 MT/año, siendo menos de la mitad de la producción mundial aprovechada en aplicaciones convencionales ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"P8ndrqL0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Usme, 2020)","plainCitation":"(Usme, 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":895,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/6TDLMVVJ"],"itemData":{"id":895,"type":"thesis","event-place":"Bogotá - Colombia","genre":"Maestria","publisher":"UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA","publisher-place":"Bogotá - Colombia","title":"Alternativas de aprovechamiento del glicerol","URL":"https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/handle/unal/78946/1026563183.2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","author":[{"family":"Usme","given":"Juan Diego"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Usme, 2020).En la actualidad existe un renovado interés en la obtención y purificación de glicerina debido a que la glicerina de alta de pureza se utiliza como materia prima material para productos farmacéuticos, pasta de dientes y fabricación de alimentos ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FBNxwwcP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Contreras-Andrade et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Contreras-Andrade et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":914,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/RXTU443K"],"itemData":{"id":914,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Given the growth in biodiesel production and other biofuels, it involves large volumes of byproducts which aren't suitable for commercial use. We studied the glycerol purification by vacuum distillation of the glycerol rich phase in the mixture reaction at the end of the biodiesel production process. Since glycerin is one of those byproducts, useful and plentiful, therefore the options to purify this one and achieve its better trading benefit are interesting. The process was monitored by 1 H NMR and showed that by vacuum fractional distillation of the glycerin rich phase of the biodiesel production it was possible to obtain pure glycerin between 97.4% and 98.9% on dry basis with 49.0% yield. Vacuum distillation without fractionation was inconvenient because it generates thermal degradation of the material and causes the formation of foam which induces low yield of glycerin and hinders the operation progress. Nomenclature t: Descending time in Stokes viscosity determination r: Sphere radio in Stokes viscosity determination g: Constant acceleration of the local gravity ES: Saponification Equivalent p: Sample weight in ES. N: Normality of HCl a: Volume of HCl required to neutralize the KOH in the assay blank b:: Volume of HCl required to neutralize the KOH in the assay with glycerin %AcONa: Sodium acetate G: Volume in mL of NaOH (aq) required to neutralize the acid in the distillate of the sample A: Volume in mL of NaOH (aq) required to neutralize the acid in the distillate of the reagent blank m: Mass, in mg, of raw glycerin in solution mmol compound: Number of milimols of the one compound V a : Volume of sample.co. ρ a : Density of sample M a : Molar mass of the compound I a : Integral of the signal of acetone I a : Integral of the signal of the specific group in the compound n i : Number of atoms in the quantified component Greek Letters µ: Dynamic viscosity ρ: Density","container-title":"Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A","page":"628-634","source":"ResearchGate","title":"Monitoring by 1 H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of the Glycerin Purification by Vacuum Distillation","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Contreras-Andrade","given":"Ignacio"},{"family":"Sierra","given":"Fabio"},{"family":"Sierra-Cantor","given":"Jonathan"},{"family":"Avella","given":"Eliseo"},{"family":"Fajardo","given":"Guerrero"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",9,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Contreras-Andrade et al., 2013). Por lo que, muchos investigadores han buscado métodos de obtención y purificación de glicerina como es el caso de ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KwhPJrPT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pereira & Souza, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Pereira & Souza, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":916,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/X2DECTGQ"],"itemData":{"id":916,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The crude glycerin is a raw material which can be applied in a wide range of products, even with all its impurities, without the need for purification. However, the purification processes allow a wider application, making it more salable. With increasing demand for biodiesel, a glycerin excess is being released to the market. Therefore, the search for alternative treatments for the glycerin derived from the biodiesel production process is of utmost importance, ensuring biofuel production flow. This paper presents glycerin purification experiments done in a crude glycerin (64.44% of glycerol) obtained from the soybean biodiesel production, which was subjected to pre-purification process, purification with activated carbon and by ion exchange process. After the purification process the glycerin sample was characterized and compared with commercially used glycerin. The highest content of glycerol achieved was 94.22% corresponding to the steps of: pre-purification process (washing, acidification, separation, neutralization, salting-outing and evaporation); purification with activated carbon and by ion exchange process with mixed resin. ","container-title":"Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais","DOI":"10.6008/CBPC2179-6858.2019.003.0022","ISSN":"2179-6858","issue":"3","language":"en","license":"Copyright (c) 2019 Ibero-American Journal of Environmental Sciences","note":"number: 3","page":"252-262","source":"www.sustenere.co","title":"Purification and characterization of glycerin obtained from soybean biodiesel production","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Pereira","given":"Roberto Guimarães"},{"family":"Souza","given":"Fernanda Arenásio Benites Alves","dropping-particle":"de"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pereira & Souza, 2019) quien en su trabajo logró obtener glicerina con un 94.22% de pureza. En el Ecuador existen empresas dedicadas a la producción de bienes manufacturados que utilizan la glicerina como materia prima teniendo como principal problema la importación de la misma. La glicerina es una de las materias primas secundarias más versátiles. Esta tiene más de 21.000 usos en una infinidad de industrias tales como la de productos sanitarios, cosmética, tabacalera, ganadera, lacas, pinturas, explosivos, farmacéutica, alimenticia, textil, entre otras ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"RHhdL88q","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Vela-Donoso, 2020)","plainCitation":"(Vela-Donoso, 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":911,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/85UQMX75"],"itemData":{"id":911,"type":"thesis","abstract":"Este trabajo estudia la posibilidad de instalar una planta refinadora de glicerina en el parque industrial “El Sauce” en la ciudad de Guayaquil, respondiendo a la necesidad de la industria jabonera nacional sobre la demanda de glicerina para la producción de jabones. Se propone un tratamiento sobre la mezcla denominada “glicerol sucio”, la materia prima principal a partir de la cual se purificará la glicerina; esta mezcla es el producto de las reacciones de transesterificación en los procesos de producción de biodiesel que producen una mezcla de aproximadamente 40% en peso de glicerol que no tiene un valor industrial ...","event-place":"Quito-Ecuador","language":"spa","license":"openAccess","note":"Accepted: 2020-11-30T21:12:54Z","publisher":"Univeridad San Francisco de Quito","publisher-place":"Quito-Ecuador","source":"repositorio.usfq.edu.ec","title":"Estudio de factibilidad de una planta refinadora de glicerina a escala piloto en Ecuador enfocada a cubrir la demanda de la industria jabonera nacional","URL":"http://repositorio.usfq.edu.ec/handle/23000/9270","author":[{"family":"Vela-Donoso","given":"Luis Esteban"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022",12,5]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Vela-Donoso, 2020). Hay dos tipos materia prima para obtención de glicerina, la materia prima del sector primario y la materia prima del sector secundario. La primera es la materia prima extraída directamente de la naturaleza, sin ningún tipo de procesado más que su recolección y venta; la del sector secundario es la materia prima que usan las empresas de la industria manufacturera en sus procesos. Debido a que ya ha pasado por algún tipo de procesamiento, esta materia prima secundaria posee un valor agregado ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jw3PViZE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Vela-Donoso, 2020)","plainCitation":"(Vela-Donoso, 2020)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":911,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/85UQMX75"],"itemData":{"id":911,"type":"thesis","abstract":"Este trabajo estudia la posibilidad de instalar una planta refinadora de glicerina en el parque industrial “El Sauce” en la ciudad de Guayaquil, respondiendo a la necesidad de la industria jabonera nacional sobre la demanda de glicerina para la producción de jabones. Se propone un tratamiento sobre la mezcla denominada “glicerol sucio”, la materia prima principal a partir de la cual se purificará la glicerina; esta mezcla es el producto de las reacciones de transesterificación en los procesos de producción de biodiesel que producen una mezcla de aproximadamente 40% en peso de glicerol que no tiene un valor industrial ...","event-place":"Quito-Ecuador","language":"spa","license":"openAccess","note":"Accepted: 2020-11-30T21:12:54Z","publisher":"Univeridad San Francisco de Quito","publisher-place":"Quito-Ecuador","source":"repositorio.usfq.edu.ec","title":"Estudio de factibilidad de una planta refinadora de glicerina a escala piloto en Ecuador enfocada a cubrir la demanda de la industria jabonera nacional","URL":"http://repositorio.usfq.edu.ec/handle/23000/9270","author":[{"family":"Vela-Donoso","given":"Luis Esteban"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022",12,5]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Vela-Donoso, 2020).El refinado completo de la glicerina cruda se encuentra condicionado por la economía de escala, así como por la existencia de procesos sencillos de purificación. No obstante, los productores de biodiésel a gran escala sí refinan su glicerina cruda, con el fin de orientarla a los mercados alimentarios, farmacéuticos y cosméticos. Los tratamientos y procesos de refinado, a los cuales es sometida la glicerina cruda, dependen del rendimiento o grado de pureza comercial requerido. Estos procesos se basan en la filtración, la adición de sustancias químicas y el empleo de sistemas de destilación fraccionada al vacío ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0QmNll7g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Polich, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Polich, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":928,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/WPTXP7TQ"],"itemData":{"id":928,"type":"thesis","event-place":"Santa Fe-Argentina","language":"es","publisher":"UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL LITORAL","publisher-place":"Santa Fe-Argentina","source":"Zotero","title":"GLICEROL, RESIDUO DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL: POSIBLES ALTERNATIVAS COMO MATERIA PRIMA PARA PRODUCTOS DE MAYOR VALOR AGREGADO","URL":"https://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar:8443/bitstream/handle/11185/1207/Tesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","author":[{"family":"Polich","given":"Natalia Lorena"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Polich, 2019).En los últimos años debido a la búsqueda de productos químicos alternativos, se viene desarrollando proyectos para desarrollar petroquímica a partir de la glicerina y aditivos para combustible proveniente de la esterificación o polimerización de éste ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"uU294PwQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Alejos, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Alejos, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":886,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/QWB35YBL"],"itemData":{"id":886,"type":"webpage","abstract":"La glicerina es un alcohol que contiene tres grupos hidroxilos (-OH) químicamente recibe la nomenclatura de propano triol o propan 1,2,3 triol. En el mercado es mas conocido como glicerina o glicerol, existiendo diversos grados de pureza dependiendo de su uso.","language":"es","title":"Refinación de la glicerina obtenida de la producción de biodiesel.","URL":"https://es.linkedin.com/pulse/refinaci%C3%B3n-de-la-glicerina-obtenida-producci%C3%B3n-biodiesel-alejos","author":[{"family":"Alejos","given":"Carlos"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022",12,5]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",8,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Alejos, 2019).Por lo tanto, la finalidad de esta investigación es obtener y purificar la glicerina mediante la transesterificación a partir de grasa residual de los asaderos de pollo y, a su vez realizar la respectiva caracterización físico-química del proceso. Materiales y métodosLa presente investigación es de carácter descriptivo-experimental. La información usada en esta se obtendrá de fuentes bibliográficas de carácter científico; así mismo se hará experimentaciones con el fin de obtener datos y comprobar la hipótesis planteada y cumplir con el objetivo el cual es lograr la obtención y purificación de glicerina a partir de grasa residual de asaderos de pollo. Las condiciones para la extracción y purificación de la glicerina se basaron en las normas estandarizadas ASTM y NTC. Como materia prima se utilizó aceite extraído de los asaderos de pollo de la ciudad de Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador. Los procesos experimentales se realizaron en el laboratorio de Análisis Químico del departamento de procesos químicos de la Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí.Hay 4 aspectos de importancia relacionados con los materiales y métodos empleados en este estudio: los reactivos usados, la caracterización del aceite residual de pollo, la etapa de transesterificación y el proceso de purificación de la glicerina. ReactivosSe empleó metanol de grado industrial (98%) adquirido en la empresa Maquinsa del catón Portoviejo de la provincia Manabí, ácido sulfúrico ( QUOTE AQAAAGwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC0AAAAmAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB2BAAAxQMAACBFTUYAAAEAXFMAAMYAAAAD
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) Thermo Fisher Scientific mismo que es de grado analítico (98%) e hidróxido de potasio (KOH) Thermo Scientific de grado analítico.Caracterización del aceite residual de grasa de polloSe realizó un pre tratamiento a la muestra que correspondió a un filtrado ordinario, mediante el uso de una tela cabuya de fibra natural, para eliminar impurezas que puedan afectar la caracterización y transesterificación.Se efectuó la caracterización de la muestra con el fin de conocer el dominio que tiene el aceite residual de pollo en la producción de glicerina, bajo las normas (Sociedad Americana para pruebas y materiales) y NTC (Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación). Las propiedades a identificar son: índice de acidez, índice de yodo, índice de saponificación, índice de peróxido, densidad, humedad y viscosidad cinemática; las normas para la determinación de estas propiedades se establecen en la tabla 1. Tabla 1. Normas de prueba estandarizadas para la caracterización de las propiedadesPropiedadesUnidadMétodoÍndice de acidezmg K(OH)/g aceiteICONTEC N.218Índice de yodog I2 /100g aceiteICONTEC N.218Índice de peróxidomeq peróxido/kgICONTEC N.236DensidadKg/m3ICONTEC N.432Humedad%NTC 529Viscosidad cinemáticamm2/sASTM D 445TransesterificaciónLa transesterificación de grasas y aceites implica la reacción de las moléculas de triglicéridos, componente principal de la grasa, reaccionan catalíticamente con alcoholes primarios para producir mezclas de ésteres de ácidos grasos y glicerina ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"rV87N5gt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Tejada-Tovar et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2013)","plainCitation":"(Tejada-Tovar et al., 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":816,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/588K7KBK"],"itemData":{"id":816,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Luna Azul","ISSN":"1909-2474","issue":"36","language":"es","note":"publisher: Universidad de Caldas","page":"10-25","source":"SciELO","title":"Obtención de biodiesel a partir de diferentes tipos de grasa residual de origen animal","author":[{"family":"Tejada-Tovar","given":"Candelaria"},{"family":"Tejeda-Benítez","given":"Lesly"},{"family":"Villabona-Ortiz","given":"Ángel"},{"family":"Monroy-Rodríguez","given":"Luis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tejada-Tovar et al., 2013). Este proceso se realizó bajo las siguientes condiciones experimentales: concentración del catalizador (KOH 1%), temperatura (60ºC), tiempo (1 hora), agitación (600 rpm) y relación molar aceite/alcohol (1:6). Todo el proceso se llevó a cabo en un matraz de 500 ml donde se colocaron 100 g de aceite residual de pollo previamente pesado y calentado hasta los 60 ºC, seguido de ello se incorporó el metóxido (producto de la disolución del catalizador en metanol), se tapó el matraz y el mismo se colocó en la placa calefactora Thermo Scientific SP88854105 para que la mezcla cumpliera con las condiciones de temperatura, tiempo y agitación indicadas; luego de la transesterificación se llevó el contenido del matraz a un embudo de decantación por 24h para separar la glicerina de los otros productos obtenidos en la reacción como es el caso del biodiésel. Figura 1Flujograma experimental del aceite residual de grasa de polloiVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAeUAAAIZCAYAAACYiCedAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACx
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Fuente: Realizado por los autores.Purificación de la glicerina por el método de destilaciónEn la purificación de glicerina a partir de aceites usados existen varios métodos en los que destacan: acidificación/neutralización, destilación al vacío, resinas de intercambio iónico y separación de membranas. Según lo reportado por ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xDFAnCae","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Saavedera et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2016)","plainCitation":"(Saavedera et al., 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":929,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/X9D6HYXD"],"itemData":{"id":929,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Resumen\n\t\t\t\t\tEn la búsqueda de procesos para la purificación de la glicerina que sean tanto económica como ambientalmente viables, se evaluó el uso de ácido cítrico y el ácido clorhídrico como agentes acidulantes en la refinación de este producto. Se estableció un método de purificación del glicerol crudo mediante la acidificación, neutralización, evaporación y filtración, teniendo en cuenta el efecto del tipo de ácido utilizado. El glicerol fue caracterizado antes y después del proceso de purificación mediante la determinación de pH, humedad y contenido de cenizas, con el fin de evaluar la calidad y eficiencia del proceso. Se determinó que la solución acidulante con pH más bajo (HCl) presentó un mejor efecto en la disminución de cenizas en la glicerina purificada. Sin embargo, siendo el ácido cítrico un ácido débil, presentó resultados aceptables, que por su naturaleza orgánica, la no toxicidad y el bajo costo, lo hace un ácido con proyección de uso industrial.","container-title":"CITECSA","ISSN":"2027-6745","issue":"11","language":"es","license":"Derechos de autor","note":"number: 11","page":"60-68","source":"revistas.unipaz.edu.co","title":"Comparación del proceso de purificación del glicerol crudo usando ácido cítrico y ácido clorhídrico","volume":"6","author":[{"family":"Saavedera","given":"Said"},{"family":"Porras-Atencia","given":"Oscar Orlando"},{"family":"Pacheco-Valderrama","given":"Mónica"},{"family":"Castro","given":"Alexander"},{"family":"Gutiérrez","given":"Jeferson"},{"family":"Rangel-Jiménez","given":"Duberney"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",6,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Saavedera et al., 2016) la acidificación es el método de purificación más utilizado para el glicerol crudo, este se aplica principalmente para el pre tratamiento de glicerol, en comparación con otros procesos, la acidificación logra tener rendimientos altos y costos relativamente bajos ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"urNhUDhC","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kongjao et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Kongjao et al., 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":931,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/6EUGWV8U"],"itemData":{"id":931,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The purification of crude glycerol from a biodiesel plant using waste used-oil as a raw material was carried out on a laboratory scale by using the combined chemical and physical treatments based upon repeated cycles of acidification to the desired pH within the range of 1–6 using 1.19 M H2SO4, allowing phase separation and harvesting of the glycerol-rich middle phase followed by neutralization of the harvested glycerol phase with 12.5M NaOH. Subsequently, the glycerol-enriched fraction was extracted by ethanol. The results indicated that increasing the pH of the acidification step led to an increased yield of the glycerol-rich layer and decreased amount of inorganic salt and free fatty acids phase. Under strong acid conditions, large quantities of fatty acid and salt in the glycerol-enriched fraction were eliminated and, at pH 1, high purity glycerol (∼93.34%) with relatively low contaminant levels (0.00045% (w/w) ash and 5.16% (w/w) MONG) was obtained.","container-title":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","DOI":"10.1007/s11814-010-0148-0","ISSN":"1975-7220","issue":"3","journalAbbreviation":"Korean J. Chem. Eng.","language":"en","page":"944-949","source":"Springer Link","title":"Purification of crude glycerol derived from waste used-oil methyl ester plant","volume":"27","author":[{"family":"Kongjao","given":"Sangkorn"},{"family":"Damronglerd","given":"Somsak"},{"family":"Hunsom","given":"Mali"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",5,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kongjao et al., 2010); a menudo, va seguido de un segundo método de purificación. El proceso implica la eliminación del catalizador (básico) y jabón. La técnica de destilación al vacío ha demostrado alta eficiencia en la remoción de impurezas, pero sigue siendo sensible a reacciones no deseadas como la polimerización, la deshidratación o la oxidación ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yZEUhEDs","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Posada et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2011)","plainCitation":"(Posada et al., 2011)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":932,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/IF6MI52C"],"itemData":{"id":932,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The growing biodiesel production has generated a glycerol surplus and consequently a drop of its sale price. The development of biorefineries to convert crude glycerol to higher value products is an urgent need and an opportunity to overcome the negative impact of low glycerol prices in the biodiesel industry. Glycerol fermentation by microorganisms to useful chemicals as poly-3-hydroxybutyrate...","container-title":"Process Biochemistry","ISSN":"1359-5113","issue":"1","language":"English","note":"publisher: Elsevier Ltd","page":"310-317","source":"www.cabdirect.org","title":"Design and analysis of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production processes from crude glycerol.","volume":"46","author":[{"family":"Posada","given":"J. A."},{"family":"Naranjo","given":"J. M."},{"family":"López","given":"J. A."},{"family":"Higuita","given":"J. C."},{"family":"Cardona","given":"C. A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Posada et al., 2011) Debido a lo planteado anteriormente, en la presente investigación se trabajó con el método de acidificación seguida de una destilación. La glicerina usada en este estudio proviene de los resultados del proceso de transesterificación, por lo cual aún contiene muchas impurezas y necesita un proceso de purificación. Las impurezas que la misma puede contener son: metanol residual, catalizadores residuales y otras impurezas derivadas del aceite de materia prima. La glicerina cruda se calentó hasta llegar a 60 ºC, luego se agregó ácido sulfúrico (2 cc) mientras se agitaba continuamente durante 30 min a 400 rpm, este proceso se lo hizo en una placa calefactora Thermo Scientific SP88854105. La solución se dejó reposar 30 min, seguido de esto, al finalizar el proceso se observó la formación de 3 capas: ácidos grasos, glicerina y cristales de sal; se dejó sedimentar por 24 horas, posteriormente se extrajo la glicerina la cual se filtró y destiló para obtener la glicerina pura.La fase de glicerina purificada se neutralizó hasta un pH de 6 con una solución de KOH para eliminar los ácidos grasos que quedan disueltos. Figura 2. 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Fuente: Realizado por los autores.Resultados y discusiónResultados de la caracterización del aceite residual de grasa de pollo Índice de yodoTabla 2. Índice de YodoDIAS g de I2/100 g de aceite176275,34375,7PROMEDIO75,66El índice de yodo está relacionado con el punto de fusión o dureza y densidad de la materia grasa y se define como la determinación del grado de insaturación de una grasa, expresado como el número de gramos de yodo absorbidos por 100 gramos de muestra (Duarte, 2020). El valor promedio del índice de yodo que obtuvimos del aceite residual de grasa de pollo fue 75,66 g de I2/ 100 g de aceite. De acuerdo a este valor, y según la información descrita por (Galeano & Guapacha, 2011) el aceite analizado se clasifica como “no secante” (IY < 110 g I2/100 g aceite), es decir, que ha reaccionado poco o nada con el oxígeno del aire para formar peróxidos. El valor del parámetro obtenido en este trabajo es cercano a los valores de la investigación de García-Muentes et al. (2018) quien reporta un índice de yodo de 80,8 en su aceite y logró un proceso de transesterificación exitoso; lo que lleva a interpretar que el proceso de transesterificación de esta investigación va a tener un buen rendimiento.Índice de acidez Tabla 3. Índice de AcidezDIAS mg K(OH)/g de aceite10,5620,5630,58PROMEDIO0,56El Índice de acidez se expresa como la cantidad de KOH en mg requeridos para neutralizar la acidez de 1 g de grasa ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aLKfXphy","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Garc\\uc0\\u237{}a-Muentes, Lafargue-P\\uc0\\u233{}rez, et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(García-Muentes, Lafargue-Pérez, et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":902,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/J624AIUA"],"itemData":{"id":902,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Revista Cubana de Química","ISSN":"2224-5421","issue":"1","note":"publisher: Ediciones UO, Universidad de Oriente","page":"142-158","source":"SciELO","title":"Propiedades fisicoquímicas del aceite y biodiesel producidos de la Jatropha curcas L. en la provincia de Manabí, Ecuador","volume":"30","author":[{"family":"García-Muentes","given":"Segundo Alcides"},{"family":"Lafargue-Pérez","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Labrada-Vázquez","given":"Benigno"},{"family":"Díaz-Velázquez","given":"Manuel"},{"family":"Sánchez del Campo-Lafita","given":"Ana Estela"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (García-Muentes, Lafargue-Pérez, et al., 2018). El promedio de índice de acidez que presentó la muestra fue 0,56% (mg KOH/ g de aceite). Con este valor obtenido se puede afirmar que presenta un bajo contenido de ácidos grasos libres, lo cual, es ventajoso para el proceso de transesterificación, debido a que se minimiza la formación de jabones y agua que afectan tanto en la separación de la mezcla biodiésel/glicerina. En cuanto a rendimientos de reacción, según ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"SDH8lRQx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kondamudi et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2009)","plainCitation":"(Kondamudi et al., 2009)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":908,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/ZUTWA3VM"],"itemData":{"id":908,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"This paper describes a new and environmentally friendly process for developing biodiesel from commercial feather meal, a waste product of the poultry industry. Currently, feather meal is used as an animal feed, given its high protein content, and also as a fertilizer because of its high nitrogen content. In this work, we have extracted fat from the feather meal in boiling water (70 °C) and then transesterified the fat into biodiesel using KOH and methanol; 7−11% biodiesel (on a dry basis) is produced in this process. ASTM analysis of the prepared feather meal biodiesel confirmed that the biodiesel is of good quality and comparable to other biodiesels made from other common feedstocks. Given the amount of feather meal produced by the poultry industry, it is estimated that this process can create 150−200 million gallons of biodiesel in the United States and 593.2 million gallons worldwide.","container-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","DOI":"10.1021/jf900140e","ISSN":"0021-8561","issue":"14","journalAbbreviation":"J. Agric. Food Chem.","note":"publisher: American Chemical Society","page":"6163-6166","source":"ACS Publications","title":"A Green Process for Producing Biodiesel from Feather Meal","volume":"57","author":[{"family":"Kondamudi","given":"Narasimharao"},{"family":"Strull","given":"Jason"},{"family":"Misra","given":"Mano"},{"family":"Mohapatra","given":"Susanta K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",7,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kondamudi et al., 2009) se pueden lograr buenos resultados (> 90 %) con índices de acidez menores o iguales a 0,5 % en masa, lo que lleva a inferir que con la materia prima planteada en esta investigación se podría tener un buen rendimiento de reacción.Densidad Tabla 4. DensidadDIAS Densidad (g/ml) a 20 °C10,90720,91530,904PROMEDIO0,908El valor promedio de la densidad fue 0,908 g/ml a 20 °C. Este parámetro influye notablemente en la calidad del biodiésel y glicerina producido, debido a que, a mayor densidad en el aceite de partida, mayor será la densidad del biodiésel y glicerina ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UT1gGxVE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Huertas-Greco & S\\uc0\\u225{}nchez-Medina, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Huertas-Greco & Sánchez-Medina, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":920,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/VWD7LVVL"],"itemData":{"id":920,"type":"thesis","abstract":"En este trabajo se presenta una investigación experimental llevada a cabo con el fin de evaluar las características principales del biodiesel de aceite de semillas de higuerilla modificadas genéticamente como una fuente alternativa para la producción de biocombustible. Se realizó la caracterización física y química de la materia prima donde se analizaron los parámetros de densidad, índice de refracción, viscosidad cinemática, humedad y materia volátil, los índices de peróxido, acidez, yodo y saponificación. Posteriormente se obtuvo el biodiesel por medio de la reacción de transesterificación del aceite con metanol usando metóxido de sodio como catalizador. Se caracterizó el biodiesel obtenido evaluando sus características físicas tales como, la densidad, índice de refracción, viscosidad cinemática, humedad y materia volátil, punto de ignición, poder calorífico y sus propiedades químicas como los índices de peróxido, acidez y yodo, la corrosión a la lámina de cobre y contenido de metales. Finalmente, se analizaron cualitativa y cuantitativamente los metilésteres obtenidos (biodiesel) por medio de la técnica de Cromatografía de Gases. Todos los resultados de la caracterización fueron comparados con las especificaciones técnicas estipuladas en la Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC 5444 y la ASTM D6751 para biocombustibles, concluyéndose que se obtuvo un biocombustible que cumple con la mayoría de los lineamientos estipulados en dichas normas que puede ayudar a disminuir el impacto ambiental y la dependencia causados por los combustibles fósiles.","event-place":"Pereira-Colombia","language":"spa","note":"publisher: Pereira : Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira","publisher":"UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA DE PEREIRA","publisher-place":"Pereira-Colombia","source":"repositorio.utp.edu.co","title":"Obtención y caracterización de biodiesel a partir de aceite de semillas de Ricinus communis. (Higuerilla) modificadas genéticamente y cultivadas en el Eje Cafétero","URL":"https://hdl.handle.net/11059/3048","author":[{"family":"Huertas-Greco","given":"Karina"},{"family":"Sánchez-Medina","given":"Iris Adriana"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022",12,6]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Huertas-Greco & Sánchez-Medina, 2012).Viscosidad cinemática Tabla 5. Viscosidad cinemáticaDIAS Viscosidad (mm2/s)133,7234,2334,6PROMEDIO34,1La viscosidad se determinó por triplicado utilizando un viscosímetro de OSTWALD, en donde el valor promedio obtenido fue de 34,1 mm2/s. el cual es menor frente al reportado por (Alptekin, 2010) que es de (59,20 mm2/s), lo que es ventajoso debido a que para realizar la transesterificación se busca una viscosidad relativamente baja según lo plantea ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"bIdZ3eGB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Garc\\uc0\\u237{}a-Muentes, S\\uc0\\u225{}nchez del Campo-Lafita, et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(García-Muentes, Sánchez del Campo-Lafita, et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":936,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/PU5ETYEU"],"itemData":{"id":936,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Tecnología Química","ISSN":"2224-6185","issue":"2","note":"publisher: Departamento de ediciones Universidad de Oriente","page":"281-297","source":"SciELO","title":"Cinética de la reacción de transesterificación para la producción de biodiesel a partir del aceite de J atropha curcas L., en la provincia de Manabí, Ecuador","volume":"38","author":[{"family":"García-Muentes","given":"Segundo Alcides"},{"family":"Sánchez del Campo-Lafita","given":"Ana Estela"},{"family":"Labrada-Vázquez","given":"Benigno"},{"family":"Lafargue-Pérez","given":"Francisco"},{"family":"Díaz-Velázquez","given":"Manuel"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (García-Muentes, Sánchez del Campo-Lafita, et al., 2018) en su investigación.Índice de peróxido Tabla 6. Índice de peróxidoDIAS meq de O2/Kg de aceite12,5022,5132,46PROMEDIO2,49El índice de peróxidos (IPO) es un parámetro de gran importancia por que proporciona información acerca del grado de oxidación de la muestra analizada. El valor promedio obtenido fue de 2,49 (meq de O2/Kg aceite), de acuerdo con Galeano y Guapacha (2011), este valor se encuentra en el intervalo establecido en la norma ICONTEC N.236 para grasas y aceites (0 – 5 meq O2/Kg aceite). Humedad Tabla 7. Índice de humedadDIAS % Humedad 10,2920,3130,34PROMEDIO0,31Este parámetro se define como la cantidad de agua presente en la biomasa, expresada como un porcentaje del peso ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zyfrEM6F","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Zelaya-Madrid, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Zelaya-Madrid, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":905,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/NYA3YWJU"],"itemData":{"id":905,"type":"thesis","abstract":"Tesis (licenciatura en ingeniería química)--Universidad de Costa Rica. Facultad de Ingeniería. Escuela de Ingeniería Química, 2016","event-place":"San José-Costa Rica","language":"es","note":"Accepted: 2019-10-07T18:47:48Z","publisher":"Universidad de Costa Rica","publisher-place":"San José-Costa Rica","source":"repositorio.sibdi.ucr.ac.cr:8080","title":"Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceite de coco","URL":"http://repositorio.sibdi.ucr.ac.cr:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8756","author":[{"family":"Zelaya-Madrid","given":"Edson Otoniel"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022",12,5]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Zelaya-Madrid, 2016). Por ende, el contenido de humedad tiene relevancia en el proceso de obtención del biodiésel y glicerina, debido a que el agua presente en el aceite residual podría reaccionar con el catalizador ocasionando pérdidas en el rendimiento de la transesterificación. El valor promedio de la humedad del aceite fue de 0,31% un valor que se puede considerar despreciable y que no influye en el proceso de transesterificación. Resultados de la caracterización de la glicerina cruda y glicerina purificadaDe los 100 g de aceite residual de grasa de pollo utilizado inicialmente en el proceso de transesterificación, se obtuvieron 10 g aproximadamente de glicerina cruda en cada una de las réplicas realizadas.Tabla 8. Análisis físico-químico de glicerina crudaPropiedadesResultadosEstándares de calidad de la FDA glicerina cruda ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0eQISizr","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Torres-Rivero et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Torres-Rivero et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":941,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/HPWQXCPT"],"itemData":{"id":941,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Biodiesel is one of the alternative sources of energy obtained from the edible oils used in different types of kitchens as a renewable resource. The by-product derived from the reaction process transesterification in the production of biodiesel is glycerin the aqueous glycerin solution is filtered to remove the impurities and then neutralized with 1N NaOH. The objective of this work was to identify the characteristics of this glycerin and its applications and future use, the characterization made of this by-product from which it was collected. liters in amber bottles, the pH range between 6 and 7, density 1.24 g / l, viscosity .897 pascal sec., it is possible to recover methanol to a purity of 58% by weight, glycerin is used in many products of consumption, has a low toxicity, its properties are stability and compatibility towards other chemical compounds. The applications of this by-product are the manufacture of liquid soap, degreaser, floor cleaning, it is a non-irritating, biodegradable and recyclable compound.","container-title":"Revista de Energía Química y Física","DOI":"10.35429/JCPE.2019.18.6.18.28","ISSN":"2410-3934","issue":"18","journalAbbreviation":"JCPE","language":"es","page":"18-28","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","title":"Características de la glicerina obtenida del proceso de la reacción del metóxido de sodio en la producción del Biodiesel","volume":"6","author":[{"family":"Torres-Rivero","given":"Ligia Adelayda"},{"family":"Ben-Youssef","given":"Brants Cheriff"},{"family":"Pérez-Gasca","given":"María Fernanda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Torres-Rivero et al., 2019)Contenido de glicerol 32,64%40%-80%Ceniza 1,9%Máx. 2%Contenido de humedadNANACloruros NANApH8,94 – 9Tabla 9. Análisis físico-químico de glicerina de grado técnicoPropiedadesResultadosEstándares de calidad de la FDA glicerina grado técnico ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"C4dfNCl3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Torres-Rivero et\\uc0\\u160{}al., 2019)","plainCitation":"(Torres-Rivero et al., 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":941,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/YcGaaBvS/items/HPWQXCPT"],"itemData":{"id":941,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Biodiesel is one of the alternative sources of energy obtained from the edible oils used in different types of kitchens as a renewable resource. The by-product derived from the reaction process transesterification in the production of biodiesel is glycerin the aqueous glycerin solution is filtered to remove the impurities and then neutralized with 1N NaOH. The objective of this work was to identify the characteristics of this glycerin and its applications and future use, the characterization made of this by-product from which it was collected. liters in amber bottles, the pH range between 6 and 7, density 1.24 g / l, viscosity .897 pascal sec., it is possible to recover methanol to a purity of 58% by weight, glycerin is used in many products of consumption, has a low toxicity, its properties are stability and compatibility towards other chemical compounds. The applications of this by-product are the manufacture of liquid soap, degreaser, floor cleaning, it is a non-irritating, biodegradable and recyclable compound.","container-title":"Revista de Energía Química y Física","DOI":"10.35429/JCPE.2019.18.6.18.28","ISSN":"2410-3934","issue":"18","journalAbbreviation":"JCPE","language":"es","page":"18-28","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","title":"Características de la glicerina obtenida del proceso de la reacción del metóxido de sodio en la producción del Biodiesel","volume":"6","author":[{"family":"Torres-Rivero","given":"Ligia Adelayda"},{"family":"Ben-Youssef","given":"Brants Cheriff"},{"family":"Pérez-Gasca","given":"María Fernanda"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Torres-Rivero et al., 2019)Contenido de glicerol83,3%Mín 98%Ceniza NANAContenido de humedad0,6%Máx. 2%Cloruros 0,99Máx. 10 ppmpH6,34 – 9,1Nota: NA (no aplica)El contenido de glicerol consistió en una titulación volumétrica, con el fin de conocer la pureza alcanzada en este proceso. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran el aumento de este parámetro después del respectivo proceso de purificación. El método volumétrico para la cuantificación de glicerina presente en las dos muestras se basa en la oxidación de la glicerina en un medio fuertemente ácido para generar formaldehído y ácido fórmico, el cual posteriormente se valora con una base (ver ecuación 1) (Robles y Quesada, 2013). CH2OH – CHOH – CH2OH + 2KIO4 → HCOOH + 2HCHO – 2KIO3 – H2O Ec. 1El contenido de humedad reflejó un valor que se encuentra dentro de los parámetros establecidos según las propiedades que se establecen a cada tipo de glicerina.El contenido de cenizas para la glicerina cruda se realizó en una mufla a 500°C y el mismo dio un valor de 1,9% tomando en cuenta que la materia prima es de origen animal y por lo tanto ésta después de salir de un proceso de transesterificación tiene consigo trazas de metales, sales e impurezas. La glicerina purificada tuvo un valor de pH 4, por lo cual, se ajustó este valor con una disolución de 1,8 mol/L de KOH, luego de esto la muestra llegó a un pH de 6, valor que se encuentra dentro de las propiedades que posee la glicerina purificada. En el tratamiento ácido, hay que tener en cuenta que este parámetro afecta en cuanto a la solubilidad de las sales, por lo que un pH ácido favorece la precipitación debido a que el ión sulfato y el bisulfato son bases muy débiles, con mínimos de solubilidad a pH ácidos (Cardeño et al., 2011).Respecto a los cloruros en la glicerina purificada se obtuvo un valor de 0,99 rpm, el mismo que se encuentra dentro de las especificaciones dadas de la glicerina.ConclusionesPor medio de la caracterización físico-química del aceite residual de grasa de pollo, podemos deducir que el mismo sí es viable para la obtención de glicerina siempre y cuando se utilicen las condiciones óptimas para realizar el proceso de transesterificación. Se considera que en este estudio la mejor temperatura para realizar el proceso de transesterificación es de 60ºC, a su vez, el producto obtenido permitió continuar con el proceso que se tenía previsto (purificación) de la glicerina cruda. El método de purificación por medio de acidificación y destilación a la glicerina cruda demostró ser factible, debido a que dentro del proceso de acidificación se lograron separar las 3 fases en donde se logró cuantificar la glicerina y proceder a caracterizarla. El alcance de este estudio radica en darle un aprovechamiento a este tipo de residuos y asignarle un valor agregado, y con el evitar emisiones tóxicas al ambiente, lo que ayuda a reducir la contaminación por desechos sólidos, además de plantear una fuente potencial para la producción de glicerina con el fin de cubrir la demanda de glicerina. Referencias bibliográficas ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Alejos, C. (2019, agosto 15). Refinación de la glicerina obtenida de la producción de biodiesel. https://es.linkedin.com/pulse/refinaci%C3%B3n-de-la-glicerina-obtenida-producci%C3%B3n-biodiesel-alejosContreras-Andrade, I., Sierra, F., Sierra-Cantor, J., Avella, E., & Fajardo, G. (2013). Monitoring by 1 H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of the Glycerin Purification by Vacuum Distillation. Journal of Materials Science and Engineering A, 3, 628-634.García-Muentes, S. A., Lafargue-Pérez, F., Labrada-Vázquez, B., Díaz-Velázquez, M., & Sánchez del Campo-Lafita, A. E. (2018). Propiedades fisicoquímicas del aceite y biodiesel producidos de la Jatropha curcas L. en la provincia de Manabí, Ecuador. Revista Cubana de Química, 30(1), 142-158.García-Muentes, S. A., Sánchez del Campo-Lafita, A. E., Labrada-Vázquez, B., Lafargue-Pérez, F., & Díaz-Velázquez, M. (2018). Cinética de la reacción de transesterificación para la producción de biodiesel a partir del aceite de J atropha curcas L., en la provincia de Manabí, Ecuador. Tecnología Química, 38(2), 281-297.Huertas-Greco, K., & Sánchez-Medina, I. A. (2012). Obtención y caracterización de biodiesel a partir de aceite de semillas de Ricinus communis. (Higuerilla) modificadas genéticamente y cultivadas en el Eje Cafétero [UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA DE PEREIRA]. https://hdl.handle.net/11059/3048Kondamudi, N., Strull, J., Misra, M., & Mohapatra, S. K. (2009). A Green Process for Producing Biodiesel from Feather Meal. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(14), 6163-6166. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf900140eKongjao, S., Damronglerd, S., & Hunsom, M. (2010). Purification of crude glycerol derived from waste used-oil methyl ester plant. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27(3), 944-949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-010-0148-0Pereira, R. G., & Souza, F. A. B. A. de. (2019). Purification and characterization of glycerin obtained from soybean biodiesel production. Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais, 10(3), Art. 3. https://doi.org/10.6008/CBPC2179-6858.2019.003.0022Polich, N. L. (2019). GLICEROL, RESIDUO DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL: POSIBLES ALTERNATIVAS COMO MATERIA PRIMA PARA PRODUCTOS DE MAYOR VALOR AGREGADO [UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL LITORAL]. https://bibliotecavirtual.unl.edu.ar:8443/bitstream/handle/11185/1207/Tesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yPosada, J. A., Naranjo, J. M., López, J. A., Higuita, J. C., & Cardona, C. A. (2011). Design and analysis of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production processes from crude glycerol. Process Biochemistry, 46(1), 310-317.Saavedera, S., Porras-Atencia, O. O., Pacheco-Valderrama, M., Castro, A., Gutiérrez, J., & Rangel-Jiménez, D. (2016). Comparación del proceso de purificación del glicerol crudo usando ácido cítrico y ácido clorhídrico. CITECSA, 6(11), Art. 11.Tejada-Tovar, C., Tejeda-Benítez, L., Villabona-Ortiz, Á., & Monroy-Rodríguez, L. (2013). Obtención de biodiesel a partir de diferentes tipos de grasa residual de origen animal. Luna Azul, 36, 10-25.Torres-Rivero, L. A., Ben-Youssef, B. C., & Pérez-Gasca, M. F. (2019). Características de la glicerina obtenida del proceso de la reacción del metóxido de sodio en la producción del Biodiesel. Revista de Energía Química y Física, 6(18), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.35429/JCPE.2019.18.6.18.28Usme, J. D. (2020). Alternativas de aprovechamiento del glicerol [Maestria, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA]. https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/bitstream/handle/unal/78946/1026563183.2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yVela-Donoso, L. E. (2020). Estudio de factibilidad de una planta refinadora de glicerina a escala piloto en Ecuador enfocada a cubrir la demanda de la industria jabonera nacional [Univeridad San Francisco de Quito]. http://repositorio.usfq.edu.ec/handle/23000/9270Zelaya-Madrid, E. O. (2016). Producción de biodiesel a partir de aceite de coco [Universidad de Costa Rica]. http://repositorio.sibdi.ucr.ac.cr:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/8756Conflicto de intereses:Los autores declaran que no existe conflicto de interés posible.Financiamiento:No existió asistencia financiera de partes externas al presente artículo.Agradecimiento:Un agradecimiento a la Escuela de Ingeniería Química de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí por proveer las instalaciones para el desarrollo del presente trabajo. Así mismo al Dr. Segundo García Muentes PhD por su asesoría y al Lcdo. Gonzalo García Vinces por su apoyo en la parte experimental de esta investigación.Nota:El artículo no es producto de una publicación anterior, tesis, proyecto, etc.Vol.7 No.1 (2023): Journal Scientific iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAAKMWlDQ1BJQ0MgUHJvZmlsZQAAeJyd
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Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.1.2023.3-17 iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFgAAAAfCAMAAABUFvrSAAAAIGNIUk0AAHolAACAgwAA+f8AAIDp
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Vol.7-N° 1, 2023, pp. 3-17 Journal Scientific MQRInvestigar PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT14