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Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 736
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L4d1nTklODc3lhLHEn1YqAKAPvvwVpUuheDdB0i4dXmsLC3tXZehaONVJH4igD//2Q==
Glomerular filtration rate as an indicator of kidney function and
damage: comparative study between equations.
Filtrado glomerular como indicador de la función y daño renal: estudio
comparativo entre ecuaciones.
Autores:
Zamora Sánchez, Felix Dario
UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DEL SUR DE MANABÍ
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD
Egresado de laboratorio clinico
Jipijapa-Ecuador
zamora-felix5731@unesum.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2933-2861
Pinela Torres, Maite Nicole
UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DEL SUR DE MANABÍ
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD
Egresado de laboratorio clinico
Jipijapa-Ecuador
pinela-maite3637@unesum.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-3137
Lic. Castro Jalca, Jazmín Elena, Mg.Ep
UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DEL SUR DE MANABÍ
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA SALUD
Docente tutor
Jipijapa-Ecuador
jazmin.castro@unesum.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7593-8552
Citación/como citar este artículo: Zamora, F., Pinela, M. y Castro J.(2022). Filtrado glomerular como indicador de la función y daño
renal: estudio comparativo entre ecuaciones. MQRInvestigar, 6(3), 717-735. https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.6.3.2022.717-735
Fechas de recepción: 15-JUL-2022 aceptación: 12-AGO-2022 publicación: 15-SEP-2022
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8695-5005
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http://mqrinvestigar.com/
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 737
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/wChN8Sf+Cuf/wCJoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgDrvh9b
/E/wLPdyaN4N18i6TZKkukzsrD6baAG+N7T4m+L5Yze+Ddft4UXb5FtpM6I3uRt5NAFbwzpP
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Resumen
La alteración en la función renal es considerada una anomalía estructural que puede ser
identificada al analizar los datos de una muestra de orina, sangre y el filtrado glomerular. En
la actualidad existen numerosas fórmulas que utilizan datos como creatinina sérica, edad,
sexo y otras variables que han permitido clasificar de manera más efectiva los estadios de
enfermedad renal. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue argumentar información sobre
Filtrado glomerular como indicador de la función y daño renal: Estudio comparativo entre
ecuaciones. El diseño metodológico de la investigación fue de tipo narrativa documental,
exploratoria de nivel explicativo donde se tomó información de
artículos e investigaciones
en inglés y español, de revistas indexadas y bases de datos científicas como; Google
académico, RefSeek, Pudmed, Dialnet, Scielo, Science Research, Redalyc y Springer Link,
sitios web científicos, para el desarrollo teorico y de resultados de la investigación. Los
resultados
demostraron
que
existe
un
predominio
en
la
región
de
Sur
América
en
investigaciones que aplicaron ecuaciones estadísticas para evaluar el filtrado glomerular, las
ecuaciones más empleadas son la Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, Chronic Kidney
Disease Epidemiology Collaboration y la de Cockcroft-Gault. La amplia gama de ecuaciones
para estimar el filtrado glomerular convierte a este método en un indicador confiable al
momento de realizar la estimación del filtrado glomerular en diversos grupos poblacionales.
Palabras claves: ecuación, filtrado glomerular, enfermedad renal, daño renal, riñón
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 738
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Abstract
The alteration in renal function is considered a structural anomaly that can be identified by
analyzing data from a sample of urine, blood and glomerular filtration. There are currently
numerous formulas that use data such as serum creatinine, age, sex and other variables that
have made it possible to classify kidney disease stages more effectively. The main objective
of the research was to argue information on glomerular filtration rate as an indicator of kidney
function and damage: Comparative study between equations. The methodological design of
the research was of a documentary narrative type, exploratory at an explanatory level where
information was taken from articles and research in English and Spanish, from indexed
journals and scientific databases such as; Academic Google, RefSeek, Pudmed, Dialnet,
Scielo, Science Research, Redalyc and Springer Link, scientific websites, for theoretical
development and research results. The results showed that there is a predominance in the
South American region in research that applied statistical equations to evaluate glomerular
filtration rate, the most used equations being the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease,
Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration and Cockcroft-Gault. The wide range
of equations to estimate glomerular filtration makes this method a reliable indicator when
estimating glomerular filtration in various population groups.
Keywords: equation, glomerular filtration rate, renal disease, renal damage, kidney
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 739
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Introducción
Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la enfermedad renal afecta a cerca del
10% de la población mundial. La alteración en la función renal es considerada una anomalía
estructural que puede ser identificada al analizar los datos de una muestra de orina, sangre y
el filtrado glomerular. Se puede prevenir, pero no tiene cura, suele ser degenerativa,
silenciosa y no presentar sintomatología hasta etapas avanzadas, cuando se vuelve necesario
tomar medidas como diálisis y el trasplante de riñón; que son altamente invasivas y difícil de
acceder a ellas. Diversos países necesitan de recursos suficientes para obtener los equipos
necesarios
y
tratamientos
para
todas
las
personas
que
los
necesitan,
la
cantidad
de
especialistas disponibles también resultan insuficientes (Zambrano-Montesdeoca, Rendón-
Párraga, Trujillo-Chávez, & Valero-Cedeño, 2019; Gladys; Zhigue-Gia, Reyes-Cruz, &
Alcocer-Díaz; Gutiérrez Rufín & Polanco López, 2018).
Habitualmente las enfermedades renales surgen por problemas de salud subyacentes que
ocasionan destrucción progresiva del parénquima renal. En la actualidad la enfermedad renal
crónica
se
ha
incluido
dentro
de
la
clasificación
de
las
enfermedades
crónicas
no
transmisibles convirtiéndose en un serio problema para la salud pública. La evaluación de la
función
renal
puede
ayudar
a
obtener
un
diagnóstico
temprano
sobre
cómo
está
desempeñando su función normal los riñones y si existe daño en los mismos (Asamblea
Nacional , 2018; Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabi , 2021).
Datos de la Sociedad Americana de Nefrología (ASN), estiman que, por cada 10 adultos en
el
mundo, por lo menos
uno sufre
de
enfermedad renal,
sin distinción entre países
desarrollados o
subdesarrollados. La enfermedad renal se ha vinculado con aspectos
hereditarios,
metabólicos,
epidemiológicos,
raciales,
y
geográficos
de
las
poblaciones
estudiadas, los mismos que juegan un papel determinante en cuanto al incremento de esta
patología (Miguel, 2016).
En la actualidad el uso de las fórmulas que utilizan datos como creatinina sérica, edad, sexo
y otras variables han permitido clasificar de manera más efectiva los estadios de enfermedad
renal crónica (ERC) y estimar su prevalencia en distintas poblaciones. El cálculo de la
estimación del filtrado glomerular es muy importante en la práctica clínica, actualmente en
las guías de práctica clínica sobre Enfermedad Renal Crónica es recomendado evaluar el
Filtrado Glomerular haciendo uso de ecuaciones basadas en la determinación de creatinina y
que tienen en cuenta diferentes variables como edad, sexo, etnia, peso y altura (Aymard,
Vanden, & Aranda, 2018). En la práctica clínica con pacientes adultos para evaluar el filtrado
glomerular y la función dentro de las ecuaciones usadas tenemos Cockcroft-Gault, (CG), CG
ajustada por área de superficie corporal (CG-BSA), MDRD-4 o MDRD-IDMS, CKD-EPI,
NIDDK , Jelliffe entre otras (Hernández Álvarez , Concepción López, Hernández San Blas ,
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 740
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Moyano Alfonso, & Garcia Blanco, 2019; Vivian, Paola, Sergio, & Fernando, 2017; Chipi
& Femandini, 2019; Alarcón & Rodríguez, 2021; Rendon, 2018).
Actualmente, su incidencia en la población de adultos ha aumentado representando un
importante problema de salud pública con importantes implicaciones socioeconómicas para
quienes la padecen, sus familias y sistemas de salud. Según estimaciones del Instituto
Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC) manifestaba que para el 2015 de la población total
del Ecuador alrededor de 11.600 padecerán de insuficiencia u otra enfermedad renal
subyacente, cifra que en la actualidad según el mismo INEC cerca de 10.000 personas que
padecen algún tipo de afectación renal (Zambrano-Montesdeoca, Rendón-Párraga, Trujillo-
Chávez, & Valero-Cedeño, 2019; Ministerio de Salud Publica , 2015; Miguel, 2016;
Alexander & Erick, 2017).
Se realizó un estudio narrativo, explorativo de nivel explicativo documental comparativo con
el objetivo de actualizar información sobre filtrado glomerular como indicador de la función
y daño renal, el mismo que permite aplicar ecuaciones estadísticas que hacen uso de datos
como sexo, raza, edad, creatinina sérica y plasmática. Se realizó una búsqueda minuciosa en
bases de datos científicas en inglés y español, revistas indexadas como; Google académico,
RefSeek, Pudmed, Dialnet, Scielo, Science Research, Redalyc, NCBI y Springer Link, sitios
web científicos, libros y demás fuentes que permitieron recopilar los datos necesarios para el
sustento teórico de la investigación, así como también se aplicó los términos mesh kidney,
glomerular filtration, equations, renal disease y el uso de booleanos.
Dentro de los criterios de selección se escogieron los artículos de acuerdo a las variables que
intervienen en la investigación, documentos publicados dentro de los últimos 10 años y que
se encontrarán indexados en bases de datos científicas. Se excluirán los documentos que no
cumplan con los criterios de inclusión, de la misma forma no se escogerán aquellas
investigaciones que no lograron concretar o esclarecer las interrogantes que se presentaban.
Dentro de las consideraciones éticas se respetarán los derechos de autor aplicando una
correcta citación de la información usando las normas Vancouver.
La investigación tuvo como propósito indagar sobre el uso de fórmulas estadísticas para la
función y daño renal. Con el fin de contribuir a proporcionar un diagnóstico temprano y
oportuno. Y valorar de esta manera su aplicabilidad en el área de la salud. Fue factible
desarrollar la investigación ya que se contó con los recursos, económicos, tecnológicos y
bibliográficos necesarios.
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 741
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Material y métodos
Revisión de tipo narrativa documental, exploratoria de nivel explicativo. Se realizó una
búsqueda minuciosa en bases de datos científicas en inglés y español, revistas indexadas
como; Google académico, RefSeek, Pudmed, Dialnet, Scielo, Science Research, Redalyc,
NCBI y Springer Link, sitios web científicos, libros y demás fuentes que contribuyan los
datos necesarios para la estructuración teórica de resultados y discusión del trabajo de
investigación, aplicando los términos mesh kidney, glomerular filtration, equations, renal
disease así como también el uso de booleanos.
Selección de estudios y análisis: Se escogieron los artículos de acuerdo a las variables
planteadas en el título y los objetivos que intervienen en la investigación. Al realizar la
búsqueda bibliográfica se encontraron un total de 120 artículos publicados dentro de los 10
últimos años, de los cuales al realizar la revisión y análisis se seleccionaron 90 que cuentan
con la información necesaria y a fin al tema establecido. Con dicha información se elaboró
una base de datos en el programa Microsoft Excel extrayendo los datos necesarios de acuerdo
a las variables planteadas den los objetivos.
Dentro
de
los
criterios
de
inclusión
en
la
investigación
se
platearon
los
siguientes:
Investigaciones,
artículos
y
documentos
publicados
dentro
de
los
últimos
10
años.
Documentos científicos indexados en bases de datos científicas. Artículos e investigaciones
en inglés o español. Investigaciones acordes al tema establecido. Para los criterios de
exclusión se tomó en cuenta los siguientes: Se excluirán los documentos que no cumplan con
los criterios de inclusión, de la misma forma no se escogerán aquellas investigaciones que no
lograron concretar o esclarecer las interrogantes que se presentaban e investigaciones que
presentaban información insuficiente.
Dentro de las consideraciones éticas se respetarán los derechos de autor aplicando una
correcta citación de la información usando las normas Vancouver tomando en cuenta los
puntos para las buenas prácticas de publicación de investigación según la National Research
Council of the National Academies que menciona lo siguiente: Honestidad intelectual para
proponer, ejecutar y presentar los resultados de una investigación, detallar con precisión las
contribuciones de los autores a las propuestas de investigación y/o sus resultados. Ser justo
en la revisión de artículos científicos (proceso de revisión por pares o peer review), favorecer
la interacción entre las distintas comunidades científicas y el intercambio de recursos.
Transparencia en los conflictos de intereses y protección de las personas que intervienen en
las investigaciones (Avanzas, Bayes-Genis, Pérez, Sanchis, & Heras, 2011).
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 742
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Resultados
De los artículos seleccionados, se logra evidenciar en la tabla 1 que existe un predominio en
la región de Sur América en investigaciones que aplicaron ecuaciones estadísticas para
evaluar filtrado y función glomerular de los grupos poblacionales estudiados ubicándose en
Argentina la mayor cantidad de investigaciones, de estas ecuaciones las más empleadas en
esta región fueron las de MDRD con sus variantes (MDRD 4-IDMS, MDRD-4, MDRD II,
MDRD II reexpresada), CKD-EPI (CKD EPI 2009, CKD-EPI creatinina) y la de Cockcroft-
Gault, esto debido a que las variables usadas en las fórmulas pueden ajustarse a la población
que se esté evaluando, permitiendo clasificar de forma más exacta la enfermedad renal
crónica en los diferentes estadios, seguido de esta región se encuentra Europa donde las
ecuaciones predominantes son las de MDRD y CKD-EPI, en tercer puesto se encuentra la
región asiática donde la ecuación CKD-EPI modificada para Asia es empleada debido a que
esta creada para estimar el FG en dicha población, en las regiones de África, Centro América
y América Insular es donde se reportan el menor número de investigaciones relacionadas al
uso de estas ecuaciones.
Tabla 1. Ecuaciones actualmente empleadas para medir el filtrado glomerular según artículos
de revisión.
Ref.
Región/
país
Título de artículo
Ecuaciones empleadas para
filtrado glomerular
Sur América
(Angie &
Katherine, 2020)
Ecuador
“Estimación del filtrado glomerular para el
diagnóstico precoz de enfermedad renal
crónica en personas con factores de riesgo-
centro de rehabilitación integral, cantón
pedro Carbo”
Modification
of
Dietin
Renal
Diseases (MDRD)4-IDMS
Chronic
Kidney
Disease
Epidemiology
Collaboration
(CKD-EPI)
(Sierra, 2021)
Aplicabilidad de ecuaciones de estimación
renal MDRD, CKD-EPI frente al valor de
depuración en orina de 24 horas
MDRD
CKD-EPI
(Soliz, Quiroga,
Poz, & Rengel,
2017)
Bolivia
Evaluación de la función renal con la
fórmula CKD-EPI y factores de riesgo que
predisponen a su disminución en adultos
mayores de 60 años
CKD-EPI
(Aymard,
Vanden, &
Aranda, 2018)
Argentina
Comparación de fórmulas para la
estimación del filtrado glomerular:
correlación e implicancia clínica
MDRD-4
CKD-EPI
(Jun-Young, Ryu,
Kim, Lee, &
Choi, 2019)
Comparación de cinco ecuaciones de
estimación de la tasa de filtración
glomerular como predictores de
insuficiencia renal aguda tras cirugía
cardiovascular
Cockcroft-Gault,
MDRD II
MDRD II reexpresada
CKD-EPI
Mayo cuadrática (Mayo)
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 743
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jj/oTfEn/grn/wDiaAD/AIVx44/6E3xJ/wCCuf8A+JoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+Cuf/4mgA/4Vx44
/wChN8Sf+Cuf/wCJoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgDrvh9b
/E/wLPdyaN4N18i6TZKkukzsrD6baAG+N7T4m+L5Yze+Ddft4UXb5FtpM6I3uRt5NAFbwzpP
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Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5//iaAD/hXHjj/AKE3xJ/4
K5//AImgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5/8A4mgA/wCFceOP+hN8Sf8Agrn/APiaANXwv8IvGmua3b6f
L4d1nTklODc3lhLHEn1YqAKAPvvwVpUuheDdB0i4dXmsLC3tXZehaONVJH4igD//2Q==
(Brissón, y otros,
2018)
Consecuencias de la selección inadecuada
de la ecuación de estimación de la tasa de
filtración glomerular
MDRD-4
MDRD-4 IDMS
CKD-EPI
(Pedro, y otros,
2016)
Estimación de la tasa de filtrado
glomerular: comparación de las ecuaciones
CKD-EPI y MDRD-4 IDMS en estudiantes
universitarios de Santa Fe
CKD-EPI
MDRD-4 IDMS
(Luján, y otros,
2021)
Medición y estimación del filtrado
glomerular posdonación renal
MDRD-4
CKD-EPI (creatinina)
(Loredo, Carlos,
& Armando,
2015)
Tasa de filtración glomerular medida y
estimada. Numerosos métodos de medición
(parte I)
Ecuación
CG,
Ecuación
de
Walser, Drew y Guldan
Ecuación
cuadrática
de
la
Clínica Mayo
MDRD de 4 variables
MDRD-IDMS
CKD EPI 2009
CKD-EPI CREATININA
CISTATINA C
(Coronado-Daza,
Fragozo-Ramos,
& Reyes-
Fontalvo, 2020)
Colombia
Concordancia de la filtración glomerular
estimada según las fórmulas utilizadas en
Colombia en pacientes con enfermedad
renal crónica no en diálisis
Cockcroft-Gault (FGeCG)
Cockcroft-Gault
corregida
por
superficie
corporal
(FGeCG-
SC)
MDRD-4
CKD-EPI
(Cárdenas &
Flórez, 2017)
Filtración glomerular en una comunidad
universitaria en Armenia, Colombia
Cockcroft-Gault
CKD-EPI
MDRD
(Hernández,
2018)
Rendimiento de las ecuaciones (MDRD,
CKD-EPI Y BIS1) en la estimación de la
enfermedad renal crónica y su relación con
mortalidad cardiovascular, en una unidad
geriátrica de agudos, del municipio de Cali
MDRD
CKD-EPI
BerlinInitiative Study 2
(Vega &
Huidobro,
Evaluación de la
función renal en
adultos mayores,
2021)
Chile
Evaluación de la función renal en adultos
mayores
Cockcroft-Gault (C.G)
MDRD
CKD-EPI
(Chronic
Kidney
Disease
Epidemiology
Collaboration)
(Vega, Huidobro,
& Sepúlveda, Son
equivalentes los
diferentes
métodos para
estimar la función
renal en los
adultos mayores,
2021)
¿Son equivalentes los diferentes métodos
para estimar la función renal en los adultos
mayores?
MDRD
CKD-EPI
BIS-1
FASS
(Méndez,
Eugenio, Comas,
& García, 2018)
Cuba
Evaluación de las fórmulas predictivas de la
función renal en una población pediátrica
urolitiásica cubana
Counahan
Ghazali-Barratt
Schwartz et al., Schwartz-Lyon
Schwartz IDMS
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 744
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/E/wLPdyaN4N18i6TZKkukzsrD6baAG+N7T4m+L5Yze+Ddft4UXb5FtpM6I3uRt5NAFbwzpP
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Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5//iaAD/hXHjj/AKE3xJ/4
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L4d1nTklODc3lhLHEn1YqAKAPvvwVpUuheDdB0i4dXmsLC3tXZehaONVJH4igD//2Q==
(Soto & Patiño,
2019)
Perú
Comparación de las fórmulas Cockcroft-
Gault y MDRD con la depuración de la
creatinina endógena para la estimación de
la función renal en pacientes adultos
ambulatorios atendidos en un hospital de
referencia peruano
Cockcroft-Gault
MDRD
(Zevallos,
Lescano, &
Dávila, 2021)
Lima
Comparación y concordancia de las
ecuaciones más recomendadas de
estimación de filtrado glomerular para el
diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica en
una población de Lima, Perú
Vásquez
Cockroft y Gault, MDRD
CKD-EPI
Norte América
(Beltré & Morel,
2021)
República
Dominica
na
Comparación de las ecuaciones de
estimación del filtrado glomerular
cockcroft-gault y the modification of diet in
renal disease en la estadificación de la
enfermedad renal crónica
Fórmula de Cockcroft Gault
Ecuación de Walser
Drew y Guldan
MDRD
MDRD Mass Spectrometry
CKD EPI
(López-Heydeck,
López-Arriaga,
Montenegro-
Morales,
Cerecero-Aguirre,
& Anda, 2018)
México
Análisis de laboratorio para el diagnóstico
temprano de insuficiencia renal crónica
CKD-EPI
MDRD
CG
Ecuación de Schwartz
Ecuación de Counahan-Barratt
(Salazar-
Gutiérreza,
Ochoa-Poncea,
Lona-Reyesa, &
Gutiérrez-
Íñigueza, 2016)
Concordancia de la tasa de filtración
glomerular con depuración de creatinina en
orina de 24 horas, fórmulas de Schwartz y
Schwartz actualizada
Schwartz y Schwartz
actualizada
América insular
(Chipi-Cabrera, y
otros, 2022)
Cuba
Necesidad de estimar el filtrado glomerular
para valorar la función
Cockcroft-Gault,
MDRD-4
CKD-Epi
(Ramos, Yulior,
& Pérez, 2019)
Estimación de la tasa de filtración
glomerular en adultos mayores mediante las
ecuaciones CKD-EPI
CKD-EPI
Centro América
(Chaverri-
Fernández, y
otros, 2016)
Costa
Rica
Análisis de la concordancia entre los
valores estimados de aclaramiento de
creatinina utilizando la fórmula de
Cockcroft-Gault y el valor real determinado
en pacientes del Hospital Clínica Bíblica
Cockcroft-Gault
Europa
(Livio, y otros,
2022)
Italia
Función renal según diferentes ecuaciones
en pacientes ingresados en una unidad de
cardiología e impacto en el resultado
Cockcroft-Gault (CG)
CG
ajustado
por
área
de
superficie corporal (CG-BSA)
(MDRD)
(Giavarina,
Husain-Syed, &
Ronco, 2021)
Alemania
Implicaciones clínicas de la nueva ecuación
para estimar la tasa de filtración glomerular
European
Kidney
Function
Consortium (EKFC)
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 745
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jj/oTfEn/grn/wDiaAD/AIVx44/6E3xJ/wCCuf8A+JoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+Cuf/4mgA/4Vx44
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/E/wLPdyaN4N18i6TZKkukzsrD6baAG+N7T4m+L5Yze+Ddft4UXb5FtpM6I3uRt5NAFbwzpP
xL8OaXqthp3hDxEsGpR+VODpU5yP++aAOc/4Vx44/wChN8Sf+Cuf/wCJoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+
Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5//iaAD/hXHjj/AKE3xJ/4
K5//AImgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5/8A4mgA/wCFceOP+hN8Sf8Agrn/APiaANXwv8IvGmua3b6f
L4d1nTklODc3lhLHEn1YqAKAPvvwVpUuheDdB0i4dXmsLC3tXZehaONVJH4igD//2Q==
(Utiel, Navarro,
Rosa, & Soto,
2020)
España
Comparación de las ecuaciones MDRD y
de las antiguas ecuaciones CKD-EPI frente
a las nuevas ecuaciones CKD-EPI en
pacientes con trasplante renal cuando se
emplea 51Cr-EDTA para medir el filtrado
glomerular
MDRD
CKD-EPI de 2009
(Benito, Díaz,
Fernández-Reyes,
Ordás, & Martí,
2017)
Valoración de niveles de filtrado
glomerular estimado por la ecuación Berlin
Initiative Study en personas de 69 años o
más
Ecuación Berlin Initiative Study
(BIS)
(Escribano-
Serrano, y otros,
2019)
Concordancia entre las ecuaciones
«Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiological
Collaboration» y «Modification of Diet in
Renal Disease» con la «Berlin Initiative
Study» para estimar la función renal en las
personas mayores
CKD-EPI
MDRD-IDMS
BIS1
Asia
(Mei, y otros,
2017)
China
Evaluación de varias ecuaciones para
estimar la función renal en pacientes chinos
ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2
CG
MDRD
mMDRD
CKD-EPI
BIS1
CKD-EPI-Asia
Ruijin
(Jian-Qing, Fu-
Gang, Jian-Min,
Fu-Qiang, & Xie,
2021)
Rendimiento comparativo de la ecuación
FAS y la ecuación CKD-EPI modificada
para Asia para el cálculo de TFG en
pacientes chinos con ERC, con
aclaramiento de plasma con 99mTc-DTPA
como método de referencia
FAS (Full Age Spectrum)
CKD-EPI modificada para Asia
(Changjie, y otros,
2017)
Evaluación de la tasa de filtración
glomerular mediante diferentes ecuaciones
en ancianos chinos con enfermedad renal
crónica
Ecuación BIS-2
Ecuación CKD-EPI-Cr
(Xie, Huan-Li,
Jian-Min, & Ling-
Ge, 2019)
Validación de la ecuación del espectro de
edad completa en la aproximación de la tasa
de filtración glomerular en pacientes chinos
con enfermedad renal crónica
Ecuación
FAS
(Full
Age
Spectrum)
África
(Fiseha,
Mengesha,
Girama, Kebede,
& Gebrefield,
2019)
Etiopia
Estimación de la función renal en pacientes
adultos ambulatorios con creatinina sérica
normal
MDRD-4
Cockroft-Gault (CG)
En base a los aportes literarios encontrados, se logra evidenciar en la tabla 2 que el uso de
ecuaciones para estimar la función glomerular es muy variado, siendo la región de Sur
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 746
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Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5//iaAD/hXHjj/AKE3xJ/4
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América donde se observa el mayor número de estudios que hacen uso de diversas variantes
de estas fórmulas, teniendo que argentina es el país que más estudio ha realizado en esta
región en comparación con los otros países, seguida de esta región se encuentra Europa y
Asia donde existe también un número considerable de estudios sobre estas ecuaciones.
Dentro de los hallazgos a señalar se encuentra que la ecuación de mayor elección al momento
de estimar la función glomerular es la de CKD-EPI la cual manifiestan los investigadores
presenta una correlación más apropiada en el diagnóstico y categorización de la ERC, además
de que analitos como la creatinina y cistatina C pueden ser modificados para su estimación
de TFG. En segundo lugar, se tiene a la ecuación MDRD la cual es la más empleada por los
profesionales de la salud al momento de la estimación de la TFG, ya que además de usar
datos como edad, sexo, raza esta puede ser ajustada a la superficie corporal del paciente,
modificada según la región como en el caso de la MDRD modificado para poblaciones chinas
(mMDRD), otorgando una clasificación más apropiada dentro de los estadios de daño renal.
Tabla 2. Criterios de medición aplicados en las ecuaciones de la función glomerular.
Ref.
Región/
país
Ecuación aplicada
Criterios de medición en ecuaciones
para estimar la función glomerular
Sur América
(Soto & Patiño, 2019)
Perú
Cockcroft-Gault y MDRD
-
Concentración de creatinina
sérica
-
Edad
-
Peso
-
Sexo
-
Raza
-
Superficie corporal
(Coronado-Daza,
Fragozo-Ramos, &
Reyes-Fontalvo, 2020)
Colombia
Cockcroft-Gault (FGeCG)
Cockcroft-Gault corregida por
superficie corporal (FGeCG-SC)
MDRD de cuatro variables (FGeM)
CKD-EPI
(Cárdenas & Flórez,
2017)
Colombia
Cockcroft-Gault, CKD-EPI, MDRD
(Vega & Huidobro,
Evaluación de la
función renal en
adultos mayores, 2021)
Chile
Cockcroft-Gault (C.G), MDRD
(Modification of Diet in Renal
Disease) y CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney
Disease Epidemiology Collaboration)
(Jun-Young, Ryu,
Kim, Lee, & Choi,
2019)
Argentina
Cockcroft-Gault, Modification of Diet
in Renal Disease (MDRD) II, MDRD
II reexpresada, Chronic Kidney
Disease Epidemiology Collaboration y
Mayo cuadrática (Mayo)
-
Edad
-
Peso
-
Sexo
-
Raza
-
Clearance
de
Creatinina,
mililitros/minuto
-
Creatinina en orina en mg/dl
-
Volumen de orina en ml
-
Creatinina en sangre (serica)
en mg/dl
( Brissón, y otros,
2015)
Cockcroft-Gault (CG), MDRD-4,
MDRD-4 IDMS, CKD-EPI y ClCr
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 747
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jj/oTfEn/grn/wDiaAD/AIVx44/6E3xJ/wCCuf8A+JoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+Cuf/4mgA/4Vx44
/wChN8Sf+Cuf/wCJoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgDrvh9b
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Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5//iaAD/hXHjj/AKE3xJ/4
K5//AImgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5/8A4mgA/wCFceOP+hN8Sf8Agrn/APiaANXwv8IvGmua3b6f
L4d1nTklODc3lhLHEn1YqAKAPvvwVpUuheDdB0i4dXmsLC3tXZehaONVJH4igD//2Q==
(Loredo, Carlos, &
Armando, 2015)
Ecuación de Cockcroft y Gault,
Ecuación de Walser, Drew y Guldan,
Ecuación cuadrática de la Clínica
Mayo, Ecuación MDRD de 4 variables
o abreviada, Ecuación MDRD-IDMS,
La ecuación CKD EPI 2009, Ecuación,
CKD-EPI CREATININA
CISTATINA C
-
Cistatina C
(Bermúdez, Sanjuán,
Samper, Castán, &
García, 2016)
Bolivia
CKD-EPI
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Raza
(Soliz, Quiroga, Poz, &
Rengel, 2017)
CKD-EPI
(Pedro, y otros, 2016)
Argentina
CKD-EPI, MDRD-4 IDMS
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Raza
-
Superficie corporal
(Angie & Katherine,
2020)
Ecuador
Modification of Dietin Renal
Diseases(MDRD)4-IDMS
Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology
Collaboration (CKD-EPI)
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Raza
-
Superficie corporal
-
Cistatina C
(Sierra, 2021)
MDRD y CKD-EPI
(Hernández, 2018)
Colombia
MDRD, CKD-EPI, BerlinInitiative
Study 2 (BS2)
(Vega, Huidobro, &
Sepúlveda, 2021)
Chile
MDRD, CKD-EPI, BIS-1 y FASS
(Aymard, Vanden, &
Aranda, 2018)
Argentina
MDRD-4 y CKD-EPI
(Brissón, y otros,
2018)
MDRD-4, MDRD-4 IDMS y CKD-
EPI
(Luján, y otros, 2021)
MDRD abreviada (MDRD-4) CKD-
EPI (creatinina)
(Zevallos, Lescano, &
Dávila, 2021)
Lima
Vásquez, Cockroft y Gault, MDRD y
CKD-EPI
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Peso
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Raza
(Méndez, Eugenio,
Comas, & García,
2018)
Cuba
Counahan, Ghazali-Barratt, Schwartz
et al., Schwartz-Lyon, Schwartz IDMS
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Peso
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Superficie corporal
América del norte
(Beltré & Morel, 2021)
República
Dominican
a
Fórmula de Cockcroft Gault; Ecuación
de Walser, Drew y Guldan; Ecuación
The Modification of Diet in Renal
Disease; Ecuación Modification of
Diet of Renal Diseases - Isotope
Dilution Mass Spectrometry;
CKD EPI
-
Edad
-
Peso
-
Sexo
-
Raza
-
Creatinina en sangre (sérica)
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 748
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ACgD6C/ZVk8q28XyGdrVVtBm4VdzR+4FADfibcPN4Pa/tJjrfkSqRqtwuySBgQQoHpQBF4Ou
LT4gaBd6zr9ik9/4ci86aTHN2vOFagDybxt4qvfFeqm5uyEgjytvCBxEnZRQBztABQAUAFAB
QAUAFAH6VfCf/klng3/sC2X/AKISgD5F+P3wx8V/8LO1i/03Q9U1S11CZrlJLKzkmVQf4SVB
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jj/oTfEn/grn/wDiaAD/AIVx44/6E3xJ/wCCuf8A+JoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+Cuf/4mgA/4Vx44
/wChN8Sf+Cuf/wCJoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgDrvh9b
/E/wLPdyaN4N18i6TZKkukzsrD6baAG+N7T4m+L5Yze+Ddft4UXb5FtpM6I3uRt5NAFbwzpP
xL8OaXqthp3hDxEsGpR+VODpU5yP++aAOc/4Vx44/wChN8Sf+Cuf/wCJoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+
Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5//iaAD/hXHjj/AKE3xJ/4
K5//AImgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5/8A4mgA/wCFceOP+hN8Sf8Agrn/APiaANXwv8IvGmua3b6f
L4d1nTklODc3lhLHEn1YqAKAPvvwVpUuheDdB0i4dXmsLC3tXZehaONVJH4igD//2Q==
(López-Heydeck,
López-Arriaga,
Montenegro-Morales,
Cerecero-Aguirre, &
Anda, 2018)
México
Ecuación de CKD-EPI, Ecuación de
MDRD, Ecuación de Cockcroft-Gault ,
Ecuación de Schwartz, Ecuación de
Counahan-Barratt
en mg/dl
(Salazar-Gutiérreza,
Ochoa-Poncea, Lona-
Reyesa, & Gutiérrez-
Íñigueza, 2016)
Schwartz y Schwartz actualizada
América Insular
(Chipi-Cabrera, y
otros, 2022)
Cuba
Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD-4 y la CKD-
Epi
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Raza
-
Superficie corporal
(Ramos, Yulior, &
Pérez, 2019)
CKD-EPI
Asia
(Mei, y otros, 2017)
China
CG, MDRD, mMDRD, CKD-EPI,
BIS1, CKD-EPI-Asia y Ruijin
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Raza
-
Superficie corporal
-
Cistatina C
-
Región de origen
(Changjie, y otros,
2017)
Ecuación BIS-2 y la ecuación CKD-
EPI-Cr
(Mei, y otros, 2017)
Cockcroft-Gault (CG), Estudio de la
Iniciativa de Berlín 1 (BIS1),
Modificación simplificada de la dieta
en la enfermedad renal (MDRD),
MDRD modificado para poblaciones
chinas (mMDRD), colaboración
epidemiológica de la enfermedad renal
crónica (CKD-EPI ), CKD-EPI en
asiáticos (CKD-EPI-Asia) y
ecuaciones de Ruijin.
(Xie, Huan-Li, Jian-
Min, & Ling-Ge, 2019)
Ecuación FAS (Full Age Spectrum)
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Peso
-
Creatinina sérica
(Jian-Qing, Fu-Gang,
Jian-Min, Fu-Qiang, &
Xie, 2021)
FAS (Full Age Spectrum), CKD-EPI
modificada para Asia
Centro América
(Chaverri-Fernández, y
otros, 2016)
Costa Rica
Cockcroft-Gault
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Edad
-
Peso
-
Sexo, Raza
Europa
(Benito, Díaz,
Fernández-Reyes,
Ordás, & Martí, 2017)
España
Equation Berlin Initiative Study (BIS)
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Raza
-
Superficie corporal
(Herasa, Teresa, &
Fernández-Reyes,
2017)
Ecuación BerlinInitiative Study (BIS1)
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 749
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Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5//iaAD/hXHjj/AKE3xJ/4
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(Livio, y otros, 2022)
Italia
Cockcroft-Gault (CG), CG ajustada
por área de superficie corporal (CG-
BSA), (MDRD)
-
Edad
-
Peso
-
Sexo
-
Raza
-
Creatinina en sangre
(sérica) en mg/dl
-
Superficie corporal
(Soto & Patiño, 2019)
España
Cockroft-Gault, fórmula MDRD,
fórmula de Jelliffe, formula CKD-EPI
(Ledesma & Gil, 2016)
Ecuación de Cockcroft y Gault (CG),
MDRD-4 IDMS, CKD-EPI,
(Giavarina, Husain-
Syed, & Ronco, 2021)
Alemania
European Kidney Function
Consortium (EKFC)
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Raza
-
Superficie corporal
(Escribano-Serrano, y
otros, 2019)
España
CKD-EPI, MDRD-IDMS, BIS1
(Llorca, y otros, 2016)
España
MDRD-4 - Cockroft-Gault (CG)
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Raza
-
Superficie corporal
-
Cistatina C
(Burballa, y otros,
2017)
Modification Diet Renal Disease de 4
variables (MDRD4) y Chronic Kidney
Disease Epidemiology Collaboration
(CKD-EPI)
(Llorca, y otros, 2016)
Diferencias entre MDRD-4 y CG en la
prevalencia de la insuficiencia renal y
sus variables asociadas en pacientes
diabéticos tipo 2
(Utiel, Navarro, Rosa,
& Soto, 2020)
MDRD, CKD-EPI de 2009
(Bustos-Guadano, y
otros, 2017)
Ecuaciones MDRD-IDMS3, CKD-
EPI4 y BIS1
(Pottel, y otros, 2016)
Francia,
Noruega,
Alemania,
Reino Unido)
y los EE. UU.
(Rochester,
MN)
Ecuación FAS (Full Age
Spectrum), Ecuación de Schwartz:
eGFR = 0,413 × L /SCr, Ecuación
FAS, con edad de coincidencia Q,
Ecuación CKD-EPI
-
Creatinina sérica
-
Edad
-
Sexo
-
Raza
Como se logra evidenciar en la tabla 3 en los estudios recolectados el daño renal según las
ecuaciones para FG un total de 34203 personas evaluadas en los estudios consultados de
varias regiones se encuentran dentro del estadio 2 del daño renal considerado un estadio leve,
seguido de este se evidencia al estadio 1 con una población de 29274, estadio 3 con 11163,
estadio 4 1548 y por último se tiene al estadio 5 con una población total del 1548, no obstante
en ciertas investigaciones se observan que no toda su población entraba en alguno de los
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 750
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Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5//iaAD/hXHjj/AKE3xJ/4
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estadios, esto debido a la clasificación que el investigador da en base a los criterios y los
resultados al aplicar las ecuaciones.
Tabla 3. Daño renal según estadios detectados en la aplicación de ecuaciones para filtrado
glomerular
Ref.
N
Estadios
Total, de
personas
afectadas
(E1; E2;
E3; E4;
E5)
Estadio 1
TFG normal
o aumentada
(>90)
Estadio
2 TFG
leve (60-
89)
Estadio 3
TFG
moderada
(30-59)
Estadio
4 TFG
severa
(15-29)
Estadio 5
TFG
avanzada o
terminal
(<15)
(Angie & Katherine,
2020)
152
83
65
2
1
1
152
(Chipi-Cabrera, y
otros, 2022)
897
0
664
236
0
0
897
(Soliz, Quiroga, Poz,
& Rengel, 2017)
408
150
166
59
9
4
408
(Aymard, Vanden, &
Aranda, 2018)
2526
835
1485
195
7
0
2526
(Mei, y otros, 2017)
21723
1197
4964
2641
100
10
8912
(Fiseha, Mengesha,
Girama, Kebede, &
Gebrefield, 2019)
414
166
142
52
26
28
414
(Giavarina, Husain-
Syed, & Ronco, 2021)
38188
18530
16723
2430
210
225
38188
(Jun-Young, Ryu,
Kim, Lee, & Choi,
2019)
100
53
25
22
0
0
100
(Brissón, y otros,
2018)
100
85
15
0
0
0
100
(Pedro, y otros, 2016)
100
56
38
1
0
0
100
( Brissón, y otros,
2015)
75
59
15
1
0
0
75
(Llorca, y otros, 2016)
493
354
43
87
0
0
484
(Ledesma & Gil,
2016)
4780
2712
2047
19
1
1
4780
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 751
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XOD/AOg0x2PP7nwD4+upDJc+EvFErn+J9MnJ/wDQaAIv+FceOP8AoTfEn/grn/8AiaAD/hXH
jj/oTfEn/grn/wDiaAD/AIVx44/6E3xJ/wCCuf8A+JoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+Cuf/4mgA/4Vx44
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/E/wLPdyaN4N18i6TZKkukzsrD6baAG+N7T4m+L5Yze+Ddft4UXb5FtpM6I3uRt5NAFbwzpP
xL8OaXqthp3hDxEsGpR+VODpU5yP++aAOc/4Vx44/wChN8Sf+Cuf/wCJoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+
Cuf/AOJoAP8AhXHjj/oTfEn/AIK5/wD4mgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5//iaAD/hXHjj/AKE3xJ/4
K5//AImgA/4Vx44/6E3xJ/4K5/8A4mgA/wCFceOP+hN8Sf8Agrn/APiaANXwv8IvGmua3b6f
L4d1nTklODc3lhLHEn1YqAKAPvvwVpUuheDdB0i4dXmsLC3tXZehaONVJH4igD//2Q==
(Hernández, 2018)
144
26
26
66
25
1
144
(Changjie, y otros,
2017)
218
4
57
110
27
20
218
(Mei, y otros, 2017)
21723
2569
3703
2320
142
41
8775
(Benito, Díaz,
Fernández-Reyes,
Ordás, & Martí, 2017)
80
0
8
61
11
0
80
(Bustos-Guadano, y
otros, 2017)
600
1
96
344
134
25
600
(Escribano-Serrano, y
otros, 2019)
426
34
185
90
117
0
426
(Xie, Huan-Li, Jian-
Min, & Ling-Ge,
2019)
162
33
36
44
30
19
162
(Pottel, y otros, 2016)
6870
2090
2606
1760
366
43
6865
(Herasa, Teresa, &
Fernández-Reyes,
2017)
20
0
7
13
0
0
20
(Hernández, 2018)
1881
0
990
601
290
0
1881
(Salazar-Gutiérreza,
Ochoa-Poncea, Lona-
Reyesa, & Gutiérrez-
Íñigueza, 2016)
134
88
25
9
6
6
134
(Zevallos, Lescano, &
Dávila, 2021)
175
103
72
0
0
0
175
(Ramos, Yulior, &
Pérez, 2019)
92
46
0
0
46
0
92
102481
29274
34203
11163
1548
424
Basado en los datos presentados en la tabla 4 se puede evidenciar que en las investigaciones
el uso y la aplicación que se les da a las ecuaciones para estimar el filtrado glomerular es
variado esté relacionado a los resultados que el investigador busca, no obstante, estos estudios
permiten conocer las ocasiones donde el clínico puede hacer uso y aplicarlas, dentro de estas
se encuentran; detección precoz del daño renal, clasificación y categorización de los estadios
de la ERC, evaluación ERO, predicción de la LAR, identificación de los pacientes geriátricos
con ERC, los investigadores recomiendan el uso de estas ecuaciones ya que son un medio no
invasivo y económico para el diagnóstico, seguimiento de la función renal y abordaje que se
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 752
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puede usar tanto en la población joven como en la anciana, además de que permiten realizar
epidemiológicos o clínicos de prevalencia e incidencia.
Tabla 4. Uso y aplicación de ecuaciones para el filtrado glomerular según estudios
País/
Región
Ref.
Título de artículo
Uso y aplicación de ecuaciones
Sur América
Ecuador
(Angie &
Katherine, 2020)
“Estimación del filtrado glomerular para
el diagnóstico precoz de enfermedad renal
crónica
en
personas
con
factores
de
riesgo-centro de
rehabilitación
integral,
cantón pedro Carbo”
Diagnóstico
precoz
de
enfermedad
renal
crónica
(Sierra, 2021)
Aplicabilidad
de
ecuaciones
de
estimación renal MDRD, CKD-EPI frente
al valor de depuración en orina de 24
horas
Métodos
prácticos
y
de
bajo
costo
que
estiman
la
función
renal
que
permiten
la
concordancia
con
el
diagnóstico
y
categorización
de
la
ERC
función renal
Bolivia
(Bermúdez,
Sanjuán, Samper,
Castán, & García,
2016)
Valoración de la nueva ecuación CKD-
EPI
para
la
estimación
del
filtrado
glomerular
Valorar la función renal en mujeres de edad
inferior a 70 años, catalogados como ERC 3
(Soliz, Quiroga,
Poz, & Rengel,
2017)
Evaluación de la función renal con la
fórmula CKD-EPI y factores de riesgo que
predisponen a su disminución en adultos
mayores de 60 años
Instrumento
de
pesquisaje
oportuno
y
de
estadiaje, identificación y corrección de los
factores
de
riesgo
de
la
EFR,
evaluar
la
gravedad y la tasa de progresión e iniciar un
manejo adecuado
Argentina
(Aymard,
Vanden, &
Aranda, 2018)
Comparación
de
fórmulas
para
la
estimación
del
filtrado
glomerular:
correlación e implicancia clínica
Evaluación clínica en la Enfermedad Renal
Oculta (ERO)
(Jun-Young, Ryu,
Kim, Lee, &
Choi, 2019)
Comparación
de
cinco
ecuaciones
de
estimación
de
la
tasa
de
filtración
glomerular
como
predictores
de
insuficiencia
renal
aguda
tras
cirugía
cardiovascular
Predicción de lesión renal aguda (LAR) en
pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiovascular
(Brissón, y otros,
2018)
Consecuencias de la selección inadecuada
de la ecuación de estimación de la tasa de
filtración glomerular
Categorización
de
la
funcional
renal,
prevalencia
de
la
enfermedad
renal
en
estudios epidemiológicos.
(Pedro, y otros,
2016)
Estimación
de
la
tasa
de
filtrado
glomerular:
comparación
de
las
ecuaciones CKD-EPI y MDRD-4 IDMS
en estudiantes universitarios de Santa Fe
Estudios
epidemiológicos
o
clínicos
de
prevalencia e incidencia
( Brissón, y otros,
2015)
Tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada en
una muestra de estudiantes universitarios
argentinos,
2014-2015.
Resultados
preliminares
Comparación
de
resultados
en
estudios
poblacionales,
detección,
prevalencia
y
biomarcadores emergentes de daño renal.
(Luján, y otros,
2021)
Medición
y
estimación
del
filtrado
glomerular posdonación renal
Medición
y
estimación
del
filtrado
glomerular posdonación renal
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 753
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jj/oTfEn/grn/wDiaAD/AIVx44/6E3xJ/wCCuf8A+JoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+Cuf/4mgA/4Vx44
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L4d1nTklODc3lhLHEn1YqAKAPvvwVpUuheDdB0i4dXmsLC3tXZehaONVJH4igD//2Q==
(Loredo, Carlos,
& Armando,
2015)
Tasa de filtración glomerular medida y
estimada.
Numerosos
métodos
de
medición (parte I)
Diagnóstico, seguimiento de pacientes con
deterioro
de
la
función
renal,
chequeos
epidemiológicos, ajuste de dosis de drogas
nefrotóxicas
o
de
eliminación
renal,
estadificación de la enfermedad renal crónica
Chile
(Hernández,
2018)
¿Son equivalentes los diferentes métodos
para
estimar
la
función
renal
en
los
adultos mayores?
Estimar
la
VFG
y
para
estadificar
a
los
pacientes en las distintas categorías de EFRC
VFG y para estadificar a los pacientes en las
distintas categorías de ERC1
(Vega &
Huidobro,
Evaluación de la
función renal en
adultos mayores,
2021)
Evaluación de la función renal en adultos
mayores
Prescripción
de
medicamentos
cuya
eliminación
es
renal,
Evaluación
de
biomarcadores de VFG en el adulto mayor
Colombia
(Hernández,
2018)
Rendimiento de las ecuaciones (MDRD,
CKD-EPI Y BIS1) en la estimación de la
enfermedad renal crónica y su relación
con
mortalidad
cardiovascular,
en
una
unidad geriátrica de agudos, del municipio
de Cali
Prueba
rutinaria
para
la
Prueba rutinaria para la detección temprana
de ERC para la prevención de posible ECV
(Coronado-Daza,
Fragozo-Ramos,
& Reyes-
Fontalvo, 2020)
Concordancia de la filtración glomerular
estimada según las fórmulas utilizadas en
Colombia en pacientes con enfermedad
renal crónica no en diálisis
Clasificación de la ERC
(Cárdenas &
Flórez, 2017)
Filtración glomerular en una comunidad
universitaria en Armenia, Colombia
Detección de ERC en personas mayores de 60
años,
bien
con
hipertensión
arterial,
con
diabetes o con enfermedad cardiovascular.
Cuba
(Méndez,
Eugenio, Comas,
& García, 2018)
Evaluación de las fórmulas predictivas de
la
función
renal
en
una
población
pediátrica urolitiásica cubana
Medición de la función renal en poblaciones
pediátricas
Lima
(Zevallos,
Lescano, &
Dávila, 2021)
Comparación
y
concordancia
de
las
ecuaciones
más
recomendadas
de
estimación de filtrado glomerular para el
diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica
en una población de Lima, Perú
Prevención primaria y secundaria en salud
Peru
(Soto & Patiño,
2019)
Comparación de las fórmulas Cockcroft-
Gault y MDRD con la depuración de la
creatinina endógena para la estimación de
la
función
renal
en
pacientes
adultos
ambulatorios atendidos en un hospital de
referencia peruano
Marcadores subóptimos para la estimación
de la depuración de creatinina
África
Etiopía
(Fiseha,
Mengesha,
Girama, Kebede,
& Gebrefield,
2019)
Estimación
de
la
función
renal
en
pacientes
adultos
ambulatorios
con
creatinina sérica normal
Estimación de la función renal en pacientes
adultos ambulatorios, prevalencia sustancial
de
deterioro
de
la
función
renal
entre
pacientes ambulatorios
Norte América
República
Dominicana
(Beltré & Morel,
2021)
Comparación
de
las
ecuaciones
de
estimación
del
filtrado
glomerular
cockcroft-gault y the modification of diet
in renal disease en la estadificación de la
enfermedad renal crónica
Método
simple
no
invasivo
para
el
diagnóstico y seguimiento de la función renal,
abordaje y detección de esta patología renal
tanto
en
la
población
joven
como
en
la
anciana.
función renal
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 754
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jj/oTfEn/grn/wDiaAD/AIVx44/6E3xJ/wCCuf8A+JoAP+FceOP+hN8Sf+Cuf/4mgA/4Vx44
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L4d1nTklODc3lhLHEn1YqAKAPvvwVpUuheDdB0i4dXmsLC3tXZehaONVJH4igD//2Q==
México
(López-Heydeck,
López-Arriaga,
Montenegro-
Morales,
Cerecero-Aguirre,
& Anda, 2018)
Análisis de laboratorio para el diagnóstico
temprano de insuficiencia renal crónica
Estimación del filtrado glomerular haciendo
uso
de
marcadores
internos
como
la
creatinina, medición del índice de filtrado
glomerular en adultos jóvenes
(Salazar-
Gutiérreza,
Ochoa-Poncea,
Lona-Reyesa, &
Gutiérrez-
Íñigueza, 2016)
Concordancia
de
la
tasa
de
filtración
glomerular con depuración de creatinina
en
orina
de
24
horas,
fórmulas
de
Schwartz y Schwartz actualizada
Cuantificar
la
concordancia
de
la
TFG
medida con depuración de creatinina en orina
de 24 h
Asia
China
(Mei, y otros,
2017)
Evaluación
de
varias
ecuaciones
para
estimar
la
función
renal
en
pacientes
chinos ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo
2
Estimación de la función renal en pacientes
con DM2
Identificación de los pacientes geriátricos con
ERC y asignación de la dosis adecuada de
fármacos en estos pacientes
Centro América
Costa Rica
(Chaverri-
Fernández, y
otros, 2016)
Análisis
de
la
concordancia
entre
los
valores
estimados
de
aclaramiento
de
creatinina
utilizando
la
fórmula
de
Cockcroft-Gault
y
el
valor
real
determinado
en
pacientes
del
Hospital
Clínica Bíblica
Monitorizar la enfermedad renal tanto crónica
como aguda, permite además aproximar la
dosis de medicamentos a utilizar de manera
efectiva y segura en el caso de productos que
se excreten en más de un 60% por la vía renal
Europa
España
(Soto & Patiño,
2019)
Valoración
de
la
función
renal
en
la
práctica clínica
Diagnóstico y seguimiento de la enfermedad
rena,
dosificación
de
fármacos
adaptada a cada situación clínica
(Llorca, y otros,
2016)
Diferencias entre MDRD-4 y CG en la
prevalencia de la insuficiencia renal y sus
variables
asociadas
en
pacientes
diabéticos tipo2
Medir la prevalencia de la insuficiencia renal
(Livio, y otros,
2022)
Función renal según diferentes ecuaciones
en pacientes ingresados en una unidad de
cardiología e impacto en el resultado
Evaluación de la tasa de mortalidad
(Giavarina,
Husain-Syed, &
Ronco, 2021)
Implicaciones
clínicas
de
la
nueva
ecuación para estimar la tasa de filtración
glomerular
Predictor independiente de insuficiencia renal
y mortalidad cardiovascular
(Burballa, y otros,
2017)
MDRD o CKD-EPI en la estimación del
filtrado glomerular del donante renal vivo
Estimación de la función renal en donantes
renales
(Llorca, y otros,
2016)
Diferencias entre MDRD-4 y CG en la
prevalencia de la insuficiencia renal y sus
variables
asociadas
en
pacientes
diabéticos tipo 2
Clasificación de pacientes con IR establecida,
IR
oculta
y
sin
IR,
posibles
variables
clinicopatológicas asociadas a la IR
(Ledesma & Gil,
2016)
Estudio de la función renal y evolución
del filtrado glomerular en la población de
aragon worker’s health study (AWHS)
Evolución de la función renal según TFG
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 755
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(Utiel, Navarro,
Rosa, & Soto,
2020)
Comparación de las ecuaciones MDRD y
de
las
antiguas
ecuaciones
CKD-EPI
frente a las nuevas ecuaciones CKD-EPI
en pacientes con trasplante renal cuando
se
emplea
51Cr-EDTA
para
medir
el
filtrado glomerular
Estimación del filtrado glomerular renal (FG)
en trasplantados renales
(Benito, Díaz,
Fernández-Reyes,
Ordás, & Martí,
2017)
Valoración
de
niveles
de
filtrado
glomerular
estimado
por
la
ecuación
Berlin Initiative Study en personas de 69
años o más
Confirmación del daño renal en pacientes que
presenten
creatininas
séricas
elevadas
y/o
alteraciones en el sistemático de orina
(Escribano-
Serrano, y otros,
2019)
Concordancia
entre
las
ecuaciones
«Chronic
Kidney
Disease
Epidemiological
Collaboration»
y
«Modification of Diet in Renal Disease»
con
la
«Berlin
Initiative
Study»
para
estimar la función renal en las personas
mayores
Adecuación de los tratamientos a la función
renal
(Pottel, y otros,
2016)
Una
ecuación
de
tasa
de
filtración
glomerular estimada para el espectro de
edad completo
Estimación de la filtración glomerular para el
espectro de edad completo
Discusión
En la investigación fueron recopilados un total de 120 artículos de los cuales de los cuales
fueron incluidos 36 para la fundamentación bibliográfica y teórica, para la sustentación de
resultados se emplearon un total de 52 artículos. En base al objetivo de describir las
ecuaciones actualmente empleadas para la medición del filtrado glomerular se ha descrito
que a la hora de realizar la evaluación existen limitaciones debido a las características físicas
y fisiológicas que puede presentar cada individuo, al revisar varias investigaciones se
encontró que en la práctica clínica y para estudios científicos existe un uso sustancial de las
ecuaciones estadísticas para estimar el FG observándose que las ecuaciones más relevantes
para el clínico son la MDRD con sus variantes, CKD-EPI y la de Cockcroft-Gault las cuales
pueden ser modificadas o ajustadas según el caso que se presente. Estos hallazgos guardan
relación con lo encontrado en la investigación de Gómez y col. (Gómez & Baztán, 2019)
quienes describen que las ecuaciones para estimar el FG usadas en un gran número de
investigaciones son la MDRD y Cockcroft-Gault. Soliz y col. (Soliz, Quiroga, Poz, &
Rengel, 2017) mencionan también que la ecuación CKD-EPI se puede considerar como un
instrumento útil para el diagnóstico temprano de patologías renales. Teniendo en cuentan los
antecedentes y sus coincidencias con los hallazgos de la presente investigación se evidencia
que actualmente el uso de ecuaciones para estimar el FG son ampliamente usadas como
herramientas de diagnóstico.
Con la intención de indicar según estudios los criterios de medición aplicados en las
ecuaciones de la función glomerular tomando en cuenta lo descrito por Gómez D y col.
(Gómez & Cuesta, 2016) quienes mencionan que, al usar las ecuaciones estas presentan
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 756
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diferencias dependiendo del método estadístico utilizado en su desarrollo, las variables
incluidas, en particular en función de las poblaciones en las que se apliquen. La investigación
refleja que los criterios aplicados en la mayoría de las ecuaciones comprenden desde la
creatinina sérica y plasmática, edad, sexo, raza, superficie corporal, IMC, cistatina C, lugar
de origen, volumen de orina y clearance de Creatinina. Estos resultados son respaldados por
Livio y col (Livio, y otros, 2022) quienes refieren que al evaluar la función renal en distintos
grupos poblacionales el uso de ecuaciones que tomen en cuenta varios criterios de medición
como edad, sexo, genero, creatinina, entre otros, permite que exista una mejor concordancia
entre los resultados limitando así la necesidad de emplear demasiadas formulas al momento
de la estimar la tasa de filtración glomerular. Esta característica de poder modificar ciertas
variables en las fórmulas son las que han permitido que en la práctica clínica sean
consideradas como una herramienta eficaz al momento de evaluar la función renal en
diversos grupos de pacientes.
Con el objetivo de demostrar el daño renal según estadios aplicando ecuaciones para la
estimación del filtrado glomerular, se revisaron varios estudios donde se reflejó como
resultado la mayor parte de las personas de estas investigaciones se encontraban dentro del
estadio 2 del daño renal este sigo por el estadio 1. Estos resultados son respaldados por
Giavarina y col (Giavarina, Husain-Syed, & Ronco, 2021) quienes destacan que el uso de
estas ecuaciones permite clasificar a los pacientes entre los estadios G1–G2-G3-G4 y G5 de
la ERC del mismo modo Livio y col (Livio, y otros, 2022) en su investigación mencionan
que la tasa de filtración glomerular estimada por ecuaciones permite una clasificación
adecuada en base a los estadios propuestos por la Kidney Disease: Improving Global
Outcomes encontrando también que el estadio 2 es el inicio de todo el proceso evolutivo de
la enfermedad hasta el estadio 5.
La investigación permitió conocer que dentro de los usos y aplicaciones que se les otorga a
las ecuaciones para estimar el filtrado glomerular se encuentran la detección precoz del daño
renal, clasificación y categorización de los estadios de la ERC, evaluación ERO, predicción
de la LAR, identificación de los pacientes geriátricos con ERC, seguimiento de la función
renal, estudios epidemiológicos o clínicos de prevalencia e incidencia, comparación de
resultados en estudios poblacionales, detección, prevalencia y biomarcadores emergentes de
daño renal, medición y estimación del filtrado glomerular posdonación renal, detección de
ERC en personas mayores de 60 años, evaluación de la tasa de mortalidad y adecuación de
los tratamientos a la función renal. Mei y col (Mei, y otros, 2017) concuerdan con estos
hallazgos mencionado que al emplear las fórmulas para estimar el FG permite la clasificación
temprana de las etapas de la ERC y demás patologías asociadas a un mal funcionamiento
renal. Estos datos permiten arribar a la conclusión que el uso de estas ecuaciones pude ir
desde
otorgar
un
diagnóstico
precoz,
control
en
la
dosificación
de
medicamentos
y
clasificación de pacientes dependido el uso que el profesional crea pertinente a la hora de
emplearlas.
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 757
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Dentro de las fortalezas de la investigación se considera a la amplia información publicada
en bases de datos y revistas científicas asociados al tema de la investigación por otra parte en
las debilidades se puede hacer mención la poca existencia de datos que hagan referencia a la
prevalencia del daño renal según los estadios estudiados.
Los diversos estudios permitieron dilucidar la aplicabilidad y los beneficios de las distintas
ecuaciones estadísticas para la estimación de la función renal en la práctica clínica, no
obstante, una de las interrogantes que han surgido es el conocer como las condiciones
fisiopatológicas del individuo con antecedentes de otras enfermedades pueden generar
variabilidad
en
los
resultados
a
la
hora
de
otorgar
un
diagnóstico
aplicando
dichas
ecuaciones. Además de ello se hace prudente efectuar futuras investigaciones que busque
conocer la efectividad que tienen en el tiempo el uso de estas técnicas en pacientes con
distintos grados de enfermedad renal
Conclusiones
La amplia gama de ecuaciones para estimar el filtrado glomerular convierte a este método en
un indicador confiable al momento de realizar la estimación del FG en diversos grupos
poblacionales, según el clínico las que ofrecen mayor confiabilidad clínica son MDRD y
CKD-EPI las cuales permiten una clasificación más acertada al momento de clasificar a los
pacientes en los diferentes estadios del daño renal, considerando como alteración renal un
filtrado glomerular de >90 mil/min. El empleo de variables como los valores creatinina,
cistatina, edad, consideración étnica y genero permiten reducir los diversos sesgos que se
pueden presentar al estimar la función renal, estos de manera común se deben a la superficie
corporal o masa corporal variable de cada paciente, la ecuación CKD-EPI permite tomar
datos de la medición de cistatina C como analito permitiendo una mejor valoración clínica
ya que esta molécula no se ve alterada por las variaciones en la masa muscular o dieta de
cada paciente, reduciendo así el error producido por la masa muscular.
En base a los datos de las investigaciones consultadas se logró evidenciar que el estadio con
mayor número de casos de daño renal es el estadio 2 seguido del estadio 1 o inicio de la
enfermedad, demostrando así que el uso de ecuaciones para la clasificación de los pacientes
con daño renal en la práctica clínica y de manera rutinaria en establecimientos de salud e
investigaciones científicas es fundamental. Se concluye que en las investigaciones realizadas
en diversos países del continente Americano y Europeo se observa un alto uso y aplicación
de ecuaciones para el filtrado glomerular, esto debido a que son métodos prácticos, rápidos
y económicos que otorgan información clínica importante para diversos grupos de pacientes
permitiendo la detección precoz del daño renal, clasificación y categorización de los estadios
de la ERC, dosificación de medicamentos para pacientes con sospecha de daño renal además
de la aplicabilidad en estudios epidemiológicos.
Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 758
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Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 759
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Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 760
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Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
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Vol.6 No.3 (2022): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
Repositorio: http://doi.revistamqr.com/V6_3_ART_33.pdf
Vol.6-N° 03, 2022, pp. 736-763
Journal Scientific
MQRinvestigar 762
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Conflicto de intereses:
Los autores declaran que no existe conflicto de interés posible.
Financiamiento:
No existió asistencia financiera de partes externas al presente artículo.
Agradecimiento: N/A
Nota:
El artículo no es producto de una publicación anterior, tesis, proyecto, etc.