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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1215
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Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQB6h8I/gjo3w/lhvZbhdU1iB3aK88jySgZSpG3c3ZiOtAH//Z
Gut dysbiosis implication in obesity.
Implicación de la disbiosis intestinal en la obesidad.
Autores:
Machado-Fernandez, Maria Gracia
UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CUENCA
Estudiante de la facultad de medicina
Cuenca – Ecuador
maria.machado@est.ucacue.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7622-4930
Dra. Mora-Domínguez, Gina Fabiola,
Mgtr
UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CUENCA
Docente de la facultad de medicina
Cuenca – Ecuador
gmorad@ucacue.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7617-6385
Dra. Peña-Cordero, Susana Janeth, PhD
UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CUENCA
Decanato y docente de la facultad de medicina
Cuenca – Ecuador
spena@ucacue.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-2437
Citación/como citar este artículo: Machado, Maria., Mora, Gina. y Peña, Susana. (2023). Implicación de la disbiosis
intestinal en la obesidad
.
MQRInvestigar, 7(2),
1215-1240
.
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Fechas de recepción: 24-ABR-2023 aceptación: 24-MAY-2023 publicación: 15-JUN-2023
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8695-5005
http://mqrinvestigar.com/
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1216
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F/ZIK/d8bkZ9NK/+3UAJ/wAMjf8AU7f+Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQAf8ADI3/AFO3/lJ/
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Resumen
La microbiota intestinal regula muchos procesos fisiológicos a través de interacciones con el
huésped, como la digestión de los alimentos, la absorción y el metabolismo de nutrientes, la
síntesis
de
vitaminas
y
ácidos
biliares,
así
como
prevención
de
la
propagación
de
microorganismos patógenos e incluso regulación de la expresión inmunológica y génica del
huésped. La alteración de estos procesos a causa de la disbiosis intestinal podría estar
implicado en la fisiopatología de la Obesidad. El equilibro entre la proporción Firmicutes /
Bacteroidetes y una baja cantidad de Proteobacteria se ha asociado con una microbiota
intestinal
saludable.
Prevotella,Veillonella,
Blautia
,
Lachnoclostridium,
Estreptococo,
Faecalitalea, Desulfovibrio, Escherichia. Proteus. Shiguella y Fusobacterium se asociaron a
la obesidad. Los estudios han revelado como causas de disbiosis intestinal a diversos factores
ambientales como el exceso consumo de alimentos grasos y azucares o la exposición a
factores
estresantes,
sin
embargo
también
existe
un
importante
componente
genético
hereditario
que
predispone
en
el
desarrollo
del
microbioma
intestinal,
llegando
a
la
conclusión que la disbiosis intestinal podría ser una huella tanto del medio ambiente como
del material genético hereditario y predisponer a generaciones futuras a estas alteraciones
metabólicas. Los microbianos asociados a la reducción de peso pueden tener potencial
terapéutico para la obesidad y las enfermedades metabólicas entre los cuales tenemos A.
muciniphila, las, Alistipes, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium y Roseburia. La evaluación
de biomarcadores universales de la microbiota intestinal en obesidad se puede aplicar para la
predicción temprana y los objetivos potenciales para los tratamientos adyuvantes de la
obesidad.
Palabras claves: Disbiosis, intestino, microbiota intestinal, obesidad.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1217
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1/6Sy0AfQ/xU/Z1sfG/ieXWbLWxpEk+WnT7F5/mOerZ8xcflQBxv/DI3/U7f+Un/AO3UAH/D
I3/U7f8AlJ/+3UAOH7JTjp45Yf8AcK/+3UAL/wAMlyf9Dy3/AIK//t9AB/wyU/8A0PLf+Cr/
AO3UAN/4ZG/6nb/yk/8A26gBP+GRv+p2/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAD/hkb/qdv8A
yk//AG6gA/4ZG/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBuoAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAP+GRv+p2
/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAHJ+yS6fc8cMv00rH/tagAf9klnOX8cFj6nSs/8AtagB
F/ZIK/d8bkZ9NK/+3UAJ/wAMjf8AU7f+Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQAf8ADI3/AFO3/lJ/
+3UAH/DI3/U7f+Un/wC3UAH/AAyN/wBTt/5Sf/t1AB/wyN/1O3/lJ/8At1AB/wAMjf8AU7f+
Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQB6h8I/gjo3w/lhvZbhdU1iB3aK88jySgZSpG3c3ZiOtAH//Z
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been determined to regulate many physiological processes through
interactions with the host, such as digestion of food, absorption and metabolism of nutrients,
synthesis of vitamins and bile acids, as well as modulation of innate immunity. and mucosa,
epithelial
growth,
development
of
layers,
prevention
of
the
spread
of
pathogenic
microorganisms, and even regulation of host gene expression. The alteration of these
processes due to intestinal dysbiosis could be involved in the pathophysiology of Obesity. A
balance between the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and a low amount of Proteobacteria has
been
associated
with
a
healthy
gut
microbiota.
Prevotella,
Veillonella,
Blautia,
Lachnoclostridium,
Streptococcus,
Faecalitalea,
Desulfovibrio,
Escherichia.
Proteus.
Shiguella and Fusobacterium were associated with obesity. Studies have revealed various
environmental factors such as excessive consumption of fatty and sugary foods or exposure
to stressful factors as causes of intestinal dysbiosis; however, there is also an important
hereditary
genetic
component
that
predisposes
to
the
development
of
the
intestinal
microbiome, reaching the conclusion that intestinal dysbiosis could be a trace of both the
environment and hereditary genetic material and predispose future generations to these
metabolic alterations. Microbials associated with weight loss may have therapeutic potential
for obesity and metabolic diseases, including A. muciniphila, las, Alistipes, Bifidobacterium,
Faecalibacterium, and Roseburia. Assessment of universal biomarkers of the gut microbiota
in obesity can be applied for early prediction and potential targets for adjuvant obesity
treatments.
Keywords: Dysbiosis, intestine, gut microbiota, obesity.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1218
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Introducción
La disbiosis intestinal y obesidad se ha convertido en el gran reto de investigación del siglo
XXI. Hasta la fecha, se ha demostrado la gran influencia de la microbiota intestinal en la
salud y enfermedad, lo cual ha motivado para la creación de grandes estudios sobre su
composición, propiedades funcionales y su alteración en diferentes enfermedades (Abenavoli
et al., 2019; Amabebe et al., 2020).
Existen evidencias sobre la relación de la disbiosis intestinal con la extracción de calorías
provenientes de la dieta y aumento de depósitos de grasa en el tejido adiposo, siendo un
posible factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de trastornos metabólicos como la
obesidad (Gomes et al., 2018).
Se ha determinado que la microbiota intestinal regula muchos procesos fisiológicos a través
de interacciones con el huésped, como la digestión de los alimentos, la absorción y el
metabolismo de nutrientes, la síntesis de vitaminas y ácidos biliares así como prevención de
la
propagación
de
microorganismos
patógenos
e
incluso
regulación
de
la
expresión
inmunológica y génica del huésped (Cuevas-Sierra et al., 2019). La alteración de estos
procesos a causa de la disbiosis intestinal podría estar implicado en la fisiopatología de la
Obesidad.
La OMS (World Health Organization, 2019) menciono, en su último informe, un incremento
de las tasas de obesidad no solo en adultos sino en todos los rangos etarios y grupos
poblacionales en todo el mundo. Así mismo se estimaron casi 3 millones de muertes anuales
como
consecuencia
de
la
obesidad
y
condiciones
asociadas
como
la
dislipidemia,
hipertensión arterial y resistencia insulínica que conducen a un mayor riesgo de desarrollo de
muchas
enfermedades
no
transmisibles
como
accidentes
cerebrovasculares,
patologías
coronarias, diabetes mellitus 2 e inclusive el cáncer (Singer-Englar et al., 2019; World Health
Organization, 2019). Solamente en Ecuador en el 2020, la obesidad mostró una prevalencia
marcadamente alta de sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad alcanzando entre el 25 y 45% (Hajri
et al., 2021). Según las encuestas nacionales de salud y nutrición la prevalencia de sobrepeso
y obesidad en adultos de 19 y 59 años alcanzaron el 64,68% en el año 2018 siendo mayor en
las mujeres (Costa et al., 2018). En la serranía ecuatoriana alcanzo el 19,93% y 16.1% en la
provincia del Azuay para obesidad (Blüher, 2019; Vinueza et al., 2021).
La disbiosis intestinal podría ser una huella tanto del medio ambiente como del material
genético hereditario y predisponer a generaciones futuras a estas alteraciones metabólicas
(Debédat et al., 2019; Dicks et al., 2018). Siendo así ¿Cuál es la implicación de la disbiosis
intestinal en la obesidad? El presente trabajo pretende ofrecer una visión sintética sobre la
implicación de la disbiosis intestinal en la obesidad mediante la extracción de datos
bibliográficos más actualizados de los últimos 3 años.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1219
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Material y métodos
Estudio de tipo descriptivo que configura una revisión bibliográfica de artículos científicos
recientes y de mayor impacto basados en la implicación de la disbiosis intestinal en la
obesidad. Se llevará a cabo una investigación y búsqueda bibliográfica mediante criterios de
elegibilidad.
Dentro de los criterios de inclusión se encuentran artículos científicos en inglés y español,
que estén basados en los objetivos de esta investigación, que hayan sido publicado entre los
años comprendidos desde el 2020 al 2023 y cuya metodología sea cuantitativa con resultados
claros y de interés para el estudio. Se excluirán estudios en animales, cartas al autor,
revisiones bibliográficas narrativas, libros y Tesis de grado.
Las fuentes de información se obtendrán de bibliotecas virtuales y buscadores científicos
disponibles en la Web como Pubmed y ScienceDirect con la finalidad de obtener artículos
científicos basados en el tema de estudio. Se utilizará estrategias de búsqueda mediante las
palabras claves en inglés y español: Disbiosis, intestino, obesidad, microbiota intestinal y
operadores lógicos “AND” “OR” “NOT”.
Se revisará la metodología, los resultados y base de datos de cada uno de los estudios,
posteriormente se analizará el articulo completo y se empleará una matriz de EXCEL para
documentar los datos importantes. Se utilizará el gestor bibliográfico “MENDELEY” con el
objetivo de no cometer plagio y los resultados se presentarán en forma de resumen y tablas
estructuradas utilizando instrumentos digitales como Microsoft Word y Excel, también los
resultados serán evaluados por la directora y asesora metodológica de este proyecto, lo cual
permitirá disminuir posibles sesgos
Este documento no requiere pasar por un comité de ética e investigación.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1220
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Antecedentes
La microbiota intestinal, también conocida como flora bacteriana, ha sido estudiada desde
años atrás siendo definida como el conjunto de microorganismos que se encuentran de
manera normal en nuestro tracto digestivo, sin embargo, recientemente ha sido reconocida
como un órgano endocrino implicado en la homeostasis y metabolismo de nuestro cuerpo,
pudiendo su alteración (disbiosis intestinal) provocar serios cambios en las funciones de
algunas bacterias facilitando procesos inflamatorios que se han relacionado a diferentes
patologías (Amabebe et al., 2020; Machate et al., 2020).
Inicialmente la microbiota solo se estudiaba mediante métodos de cultivo, pero en vista de la
necesidad de conocer su influencia en la salud humana, se ha desarrollado nuevas tecnologías
de secuenciación rápida de genoma que han permitido determinar la diversidad de genes y
predecir sus funciones (Cuevas-Sierra et al., 2019).
Actualmente se ha descrito que la microbiota intestinal está compuesta en su gran mayoría
por bacterias anaerobias, de los cuales un 90% aproximadamente pertenecen a los filos:
Firmicutes y Bacteroidetes, las demás están en menor cantidad y abundancia. La distribución
normal de la microbiota, en diferentes partes del tracto digestivo, está dado por las diferentes
funciones y pH donde se localizan.
El
equilibro
entre
la
proporción
Firmicutes
/
Bacteroidetes
y
una
baja
cantidad
de
Proteobacteria se ha asociado con una microbiota intestinal saludable (Gomes et al., 2018).
Dentro de las causas de disbiosis intestinal tenemos a factores ambientales como el aumento
del consumo de alimentos de alto contenido energético derivado de grasas y azucares, así
como estilos de vida sedentarios que influyen en el metabolismo bacteriano. También se cree
que los factores ambientales en varias etapas de la vida influyen en el desarrollo de la
disbiosis intestinal, como diferentes cambios en la diversidad del microbioma en la infancia
asociados al tipo de parto, el tipo de alimentación y el entorno hospitalario según algunos
estudios (Asadi et al., 2022; Gomaa, 2020). También el uso indiscriminado de antibióticos
ha sido documentado como un posible factor de riesgo al igual que la exposición a metales
pesados, pesticidas y factores estresantes lo que resulta en alteraciones tanto a corto como a
largo plazo. Algo muy importante a destacar es que los estudios han revelado un importante
componente genético hereditario que predispone en el desarrollo del microbioma intestinal
(Aron-Wisnewsky et al., 2020).
Las primeras evidencias y estudios sobre la asociación de la microbiota intestinal con la
obesidad, como el de Ley et al., (2006) y el de (Schwiertz et al., 2010) , han evaluado métodos
de secuenciación de ADN para permitir la detección de la microbioma intestinal normal y
sus alteraciones en la obesidad, llegando a la conclusión que la disbiosis intestinal podría ser
una huella tanto del medio ambiente como del material genético hereditario y predisponer a
generaciones futuras a estas alteraciones metabólicas.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1221
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Resultados
Características de la microbiota intestinal en la obesidad: diversidad alfa y beta
(diversidad, riqueza y diferencias microbianas)
Se han llevado a cabo diversos estudios en los cuales se compara el microbioma intestinal de
personas obesas con el microbioma de personas no obesas, con el fin de determinar si existe
marcadores microbianos que se puedan utilizar para identificar o predecir la obesidad de
manera temprana. Se ha intentado comparar la diversidad de las bacterias tanto alfa
(diversidad
y
homogeneidad
en
un
mismo
habitad)
y
beta
(similitud
entre
muestras
diferentes) junto con el análisis de subgrupos en adultos y niños obesos y en poblaciones
orientales y occidentales. Dentro de los métodos más utilizados para la identificación del
microbioma está la secuenciación de genes (ARN Ribosomal 16S) (Amabebe et al., 2020).
Entre las publicaciones más recientes del 2022, se extrajeron los datos de más de 50 estudios
de casos y controles tanto de adultos, bebés, niños y adolescentes. La tendencia de los
cambios microbianos en la obesidad infantil y adulta fue consistente. La mayoría de estudios
mostraron una diversidad alfa reducida en la obesidad. Los resultados obtenidos a nivel
taxonómico pudieron identificar a las Proteobacterias como el filo más asociado a la
obesidad, dentro de los cuales Proteus mirabilis y E. coli están relacionados como posibles
estimuladores de inflamación gastrointestinal. Por lo contrario, el filo Actinobacteria se
relacionó a un perfil saludable (Xu et al., 2022).
Así
mismo,
en
cuanto
al
grupo
taxonómico
“genero”
la
obesidad
se
ha
asociado
significativamente
a
Fusobacterium
Prevotella,
Lactobacillus,
Blautia,
Escherichia
y
Succinivibrio. Mientras que Alistipes, Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium,
Roseburia, Clostridium y Eubacterium fueron relacionadas con personas delgadas. Por lo
tanto, estas últimas podrían considerarse para el manejo de la obesidad (Xu et al., 2022).
El género Lactobacillus ha sido el más utilizado en la creación de probióticos debido a los
grandes beneficios que ha demostrado tener en la salud del huesped. En cuanto a la pérdida
de peso se demostró una eficacia variable, sin embargo, se ha observado mayores beneficios
en combinación con Bifidobacterium, sugiriendo que la mezcla de varios géneros podrían
potenciar estos resultados (Xu et al., 2022).
En otro estudio se incluyeron 13186 muestras de personas con diferentes orígenes étnicos
que incluyeron países como América del norte, sur, África, Asia y Europa. En general se
observó una diversidad alfa disminuida en el grupo de individuos obesos. A nivel de género,
las proporciones relativamente más bajas de Bifidobacterium, Alistipes y
Oscillospira se
encontraron en personas obesas y Acidaminococcus, Anaerococcus, Escherichia, Shigella,
Fusobacterium,
Megasphera,
Prevotella,
Streptococcus
y
Sutterella
fueron
significativamente enriquecidos en obesos (Pinart et al., 2022).
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1222
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Firmicutes y Bacteroidetes son los filos más abundantes en el microbioma intestinal humano.
La proporción de Firmicutes / Bacteroidetes (F/B) ha sido muy controvertida ya que en
algunas investigaciones se demostró un aumento de Firmicutes y una disminución de
Bacteroidetes en personas obesas, sin embargo otros ensayos clínicos demostraron lo
contrario, por lo que esta relación puede estar asociada a otros factores como la diversidad
de géneros que hay entre ambos filos (Pinart et al., 2022; Xu et al., 2022).
Duan., et al 2021 público un estudio en el cual se demostró una disminución de Firmicutes
en personas obesas a diferencia de Bacteroidetes, sin embargo, también se analizó niveles
taxonómicos
más
bajos
como
Prevotellaceae
Porphyromonadaceae
y
Rikenellaceae
pertenecientes a Bacteroidetes. Entre ellos, Prevotellaceae estuvo aumentado en personas
con obesidad, mientras que los dos restantes estuvieron disminuidos en este grupo. Así
mismo Veillonellaceae y Ruminococcaceae pertenecientes a Firmicutes tuvieron resultados
diferentes,
Veillonellaceae
se
incrementó
en
personas
con
obesidad,
mientras
que
Ruminococcaceae se redujo. Lo que sugiere que efectivamente estas variaciones pueden ser
la razón por la cual los cambios de Firmicutes y Bacteroidetes son controvertidos en
diferentes estudios y a su vez pueden estar relacionados también al tipo de alimentación de
cada persona.
En el mismo estudio
se evidencio también que existe una diversidad bacteriana alfa reducida
en personas obesas. En el cual el grupo de personas con obesidad obtuvo una diversidad alfa
con 1.454 unidades taxonómicas operativas (UTO) menos que el grupo de personas delgadas.
A demás hubo reducción significativa de Bifidobacterium en el grupo Obesidad, lo cual
concuerda con diversos estudios donde se menciona que Bifidobacterium puede reducir la
inflamación (relacionada con la obesidad)
al restablecer el equilibrio de linfocitos y
macrófagos, llegando a tener un efecto anti obesidad. Por ultimo Blautia y Prevotella y
patógenos
oportunistas
como
Fusobacterium
Escherichia
y
Shigella
se
relacionaron
significativamente a la obesidad (Duan et al., 2021).
En base a estos resultados se ha intentado crear modelos específicos que permitan caracterizar
y predecir la obesidad según la microbiota intestinal. Recientemente en el 2022 un estudio
construyo un modelo metagenómico de biomarcadores universales, para la predicción de la
obesidad y obtención de objetivos terapéuticos, utilizando conjuntos de datos ya existentes.
Se
calculo los OR de todos los taxones comunes en cada estudio. La especificidad y la
sensibilidad del modelo clasificador fue de 66,92 % (± 0,251) y 81,66 % (± 0,194). En el
grupo de obesidad simple, la abundancia relativa de Bacteroidetes y Proteobacteria fue
mayor, mientras que Firmicutes fue menor. La alteración de la proporción Firmicutes /
Bacteroidetes se consideró como posible biomarcador principal en la disbiosis intestinal para
obesidad
simple.
Las
personas
obesas
también
mostraron
un
aumento
de
Desulfovibrionaceae, el cual exhibe una actividad de endotoxinas que puede ser 1000 veces
mayor que la familia Bacteroideaceae (Gong et al., 2022).
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1223
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AO3UAN/4ZG/6nb/yk/8A26gBP+GRv+p2/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAD/hkb/qdv8A
yk//AG6gA/4ZG/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBuoAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAP+GRv+p2
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F/ZIK/d8bkZ9NK/+3UAJ/wAMjf8AU7f+Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQAf8ADI3/AFO3/lJ/
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A demás Akkermansia se consideró un buen candidato para prevenir o tratar la obesidad ya
que se encuentra deficiente en la microbiota de las personas obesas y su abundancia está
relacionada
con
aumento
de
la
excreción
de
energía
en
las
heces.
A
demás
Lachnoclostridium, Faecalitalea, Prevotella y Veillonela, se indentificaron como marcadores
en el modelo para obesidad mientras que Ruminococcus, Alistipes, Lachnospiraceae y
Roseburia fueron marcadores en personas delgadas (Gong et al., 2022).
Tabla 1
Resumen de los principales niveles taxonómicos diferencialmente abundantes en la obesidad.
Filo
clase
Orden
Familia
Genero
Bacteroidetes
Bacteroides
Bacteroidales
Prevotellaceae
Prevotella
Firmicutes
Clostridios
Clostridiales
Veillonellaceae
Veillonella
Lachnospiraceae
Blautia
Lachnoclostridium
Bacillos
Lactobacillales
Estreptococos
Estreptococo
Erysipelotrichales
Erysipelotrichaceae
Faecalitalea
Proteobacteria
Deltaproteobacteria
Desulfobacteriales
Desulfobulbaceae
Desulfovibrio
Gammaproteobacteria
Enterobacteriales
Enterobacteriaceae
Escherichia
Proteus
Shiguella
Fusobacteria
Fusobacteria
Fusobacteriales
Fusobacteriaceae
Fusobacterium
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1224
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Tabla 2
Resumen de los principales niveles taxonómicos diferencialmente reducidos en la obesidad
y asociados a un perfil saludable.
Disbiosis
intestinal
en
la
obesidad
y su
relación
con
el
riesgo
de
enfermedades
metabólicas
Como sabemos la obesidad es una enfermedad multifactorial compleja que se encuentra en
un
continuo
estado
proinflamatorio
y
aumenta
el
riesgo
de
complicaciones
como
enfermedades
cardiovasculares,
diabetes
mellitus
2,
hipertensión
y
dislipidemias.
Sin
embargo, no todos los pacientes obesos tienen el mismo riesgo para desarrollar otras
enfermedades metabólicas, por lo que existen varios métodos para medir los subtipos de
obesidad, sin embargo, aún no se ha podido predecir con precisión el riesgo metabólico
asociado (Capuco et al., 2020; Shin et al., 2022).
Según un ensayo clínico publicado en junio del 2022 las personas obesas simples (OS) se
pueden distinguir de las personas obesas con enfermedad metabólica (OEM) en función de
las
características
microbianas
intestinales.
Generalmente
se
acepta
que
el
fenotipo
Filo
clase
Orden
Familia
Genero
Bacteroidetes
Bacteroides
Bacteroidales
Rikenellaceae
Rikenella
Porphyromonadaceae
Porphyromonas
Bacteroideaceae
Bacteroides
Firmicutes
Clostridios
Clostridiales
Lachnospiraceae
Roseburia
Ruminococcaceae
Faecalibacterium
Ruminococo
Eubacteriaceae
Eubacteria
Clostridiaceae
Clostridium
Actinobacteria
Actinobacteria
Bifidobacteriales
Bifidobacteriaceae
Bifidobacteria
Verrucomicrobia
Verrucomicrobiae
Verrucomicrobianos
Akkermansiaceae
Akkermansia
muciniphila
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1225
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metabólico humano está determinado en gran parte por factores hereditarios y ambientales.
Aun así, en los últimos años hay cada vez más evidencia de que las bacterias humanas,
especialmente
la
flora
intestinal,
tienen
el
mayor efecto
regulador
sobre
el
fenotipo
metabólico del huésped (Shin et al., 2022).
El análisis de diversidad beta mostro que la relación Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes disminuyó en
el grupo OEM y esta dismución se asoció a hipertensión arterial, Los Bacteroidetes que se
encuentran
en
abundancia
en
OEM,
son
el
filo
involucrado
en
la
fermentación
de
polisacáridos, la utilización de sustancias nitrogenadas, la producción de propionatos y, a
menudo, se la describe como una bacteria beneficiosa en estudios previos. Sin embargo, su
aumento excesivo también participa en la liberación de sustancias tóxicas durante la
proteólisis, lo que promueve la inflamación. Se le correlacionó positivamente con la proteína
C reactiva sérica y hipertensión arterial sistólica y se asoció negativamente con HDL (Green
et al., 2020; Shin et al., 2022).
Firmicutes en cambio juega un papel antiinflamatorio, asociado a mejorar los efectos
metabólicos a través de la producción de SCFA y reducción de factores proinflamatorios en
la sangre. Los resultados del análisis de Firmicutes se correlaciono con disminución de la
PAS, triglicéridos y ácido úrico y con un aumento de HDL-C. En individuos obesos,
Prevotellaceae se encuentra bastante elevado, produciendo succinato circulante, que es un
metabolito potencial derivado de la microbiota el cual esta relacionado con el riesgo de
Enfermedad cerebro vascular. Ruminococcaceae y Faecalibacterium, disminuidos en el
grupo OEM, se
correlacionaron positivamente
con
menor diámetro de circunferencia
abdominal e IMC, las dos claves para el diagnóstico de obesidad y riesgos metabólicos
(Pinart et al., 2022; Shin et al., 2022).
La oscillospira, que se ha encontrado asociada con la delgadez y la salud también se ha
encontrado
que
está
enriquecida
en
personas
obesas
metabólicamente
saludables
en
comparación con personas obesas metabólicamente no saludables, probablemente debido a
su capacidad de producir altas concentraciones de SCFA, como propionato y butirato, que
tienen efectos beneficiosos sobre el control del peso corporal, el estado inflamatorio y la
sensibilidad a la insulina (KC et al., 2020; Shin et al., 2022).
Mecanismos implicados en la relación de la disbiosis intestinal con la obesidad
A partir de la generación de amplios estudios sobre las diferencias significativas en la
composición de la microbiota intestinal en pacientes obesos, la relación de la disbiosis
intestinal y obesidad se ha convertido en el gran reto de la investigación del siglo XXI y
aunque se han informado varios vínculos entre el microbioma intestinal y la obesidad, aún
no se comprenden los mecanismos que explican cómo y cuándo el microbioma afecta el
estado obeso o si la obesidad es causante de la misma (Amabebe et al., 2020)
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1226
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Se ha determinado que la disbiosis puede cambiar el funcionamiento de la barrera intestinal
y los tejidos linfoides asociados al intestino al permitir el paso de componentes estructurales
de bacterias, como los lipopolisacáridos, que activan vías inflamatorias que pueden contribuir
al desarrollo de obesidad y enfermedades metabólicos, alterar la producción de péptidos
gastrointestinales relacionados con la saciedad, lo que resulta en un aumento de la ingesta de
alimentos (Gálvez-Ontiveros et al., 2020).
En los últimos años el eje intestino-cerebro ha sido estudiado debido a que constituye un
importante mediador de la compleja regulación neuroendocrina del apetito y la homeostasis
energética.
Las
hormonas
intestinales
parecen
tener
comunicación
desde
el
tracto
gastrointestinal a los centros reguladores del apetito dentro del sistema nervioso central
mediante metabolitos. La microbiota podría estar implicada en la modulación de los
trasmisores químicos y la disbiosis intestinal podría desencadenar una producción alterada
de neurotransmisores, lo que llevaría a un aumento de apetito, comer en exceso y aumentar
de peso como consecuencia la obesidad (Amabebe et al., 2020; Mojsak et al., 2020).
Se ha identificado que la microbiota intestinal está implicada en la regulación hormonal de
ingesta de alimentos y saciedad. Algunas bacterias como Bacteroides y Prevotella están
relacionadas con la secreción de Grelina, una hormona reguladora de la ingesta alimentaria
mediante la estimulación del apetito que normalmente se da en estados de ayuno. Un aumento
sustancial de estas bacterias puede llevar a un desequilibrio en la regulación del apetito,
aumentando así la ingesta de alimentos e inhibiendo la saciedad por reducción de bacterias
como Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium
que
disminuyen y controlan la secreción de la misma
(Amabebe et al., 2020).
La microbiota también es un modulador del Péptido similar al glucagón 1 y géneros como
Alistipes (Bacteroidetes) y Faecalibacterium (Firmicutes) que pueden promover la pérdida
de peso a través de la liberación del péptido 1 similar al glucagón que promueve la saciedad
y la activación del tejido adiposo marrón a través del circuito neural intestino-cerebro. Sin
embargo, en la disbiosis intestinal estas bacterias anti obesidad se han visto disminuidas
(Fender & Dobrev, 2022).
Las proteobacterias como Proteus y E. coli se encontraron aumentados en la obesidad, están
bacterias como se mencionó eran posibles impulsores de la inflamación en el tracto
gastrointestinal. La inflamación de bajo grado es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de
enfermedades metabólicas, como la aterosclerosis, la resistencia a la insulina y la diabetes
mellitus. Estas bacterias Gram-negativas tienen una molécula esencial en sus paredes
celulares llamada endotoxina lipopolisacárido, el cual desempeña un papel desencadenante
clave en las enfermedades metabólicas relacionadas con una dieta rica en grasas, estimulando
la deposición de tejido adiposo, aumentando el grado de inflamación y la resistencia a la
insulina (Fender & Dobrev, 2022; Mojsak et al., 2020).
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1227
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AO3UAN/4ZG/6nb/yk/8A26gBP+GRv+p2/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAD/hkb/qdv8A
yk//AG6gA/4ZG/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBuoAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAP+GRv+p2
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F/ZIK/d8bkZ9NK/+3UAJ/wAMjf8AU7f+Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQAf8ADI3/AFO3/lJ/
+3UAH/DI3/U7f+Un/wC3UAH/AAyN/wBTt/5Sf/t1AB/wyN/1O3/lJ/8At1AB/wAMjf8AU7f+
Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQB6h8I/gjo3w/lhvZbhdU1iB3aK88jySgZSpG3c3ZiOtAH//Z
Las bacterias intestinales como Bacteroides, Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, Fecalibacterium y
Ruminococo pueden fermentar almidón, azúcares no absorbidos, polisacáridos celulósicos y
no celulósicos y mucinas y producir SCFA y gases en el intestino.
La descomposición de
compuestos por fermentación anaeróbica que produce los ácidos grasos de cadena corta sirve
como una importante fuente de energía y fortalecen la protección mediante la barrera de la
mucosa, ya que estimulan las células caliciformes para que produzcan moco (mucina) y
aumentan la expresión de proteínas de unión estrecha (zonula occludens-1, zonulina,
ocludina
y
claudina)
ayudando
a
proteger
las
células
epiteliales,
disminuyendo
la
permeabilidad intestinal y previniendo la inflamación por inhibición de expresión de TNF-a
e interleucinas 6 y 12 (Fender & Dobrev, 2022).
El tipo y la cantidad de SCFA y gases producidos en el intestino dependen de múltiples
factores, incluida la dieta, la composición de la comunidad microbiana intestinal. Los
principales SCFA producidos como resultado de la fermentación de carbohidratos y proteínas
son acetato, propionato y butirato. La disbiosis intestinal puede alterar la producción y
absorción de SCFA dando una alta concentración de SCFA en las heces. Blautia y Prevotella
copri se correlacionan positivamente con el butirato y el propionato fecal (Kang et al., 2022).
La obesidad está asociada con niveles elevados de succinato producido por Prevotellaceae y
Veillonellaceae que aumentaron en personas con obesidad. Este metabolito es considerado
un mediador inflamatorio debido a que activa la respuesta inmune, un desequilibrio en la
producción del mismo puede desencadenar un estado inflamatorio agudo o crónico con
resistencia a los efectos antiinflamatorios por lo que contribuye a un factor de riesgo para
enfermedades metabólicas como obesidad, enfermedades cardiovasculares, ateroesclerosis,
diabetes mellitus, etc (Aron-Wisnewsky et al., 2021).
Intervención de la microbiota intestinal como tratamiento coadyuvante en la obesidad
La suplementación con probióticos “organismos vivos" puede otorgar varios beneficios en la
salud del huésped principalmente, al inhibir la colonización de patógenos y manteniendo el
equilibrio energético. Como hemos visto especies como bifidobacterias se encuentran en
menor cantidad en individuos obesos que en individuos normales, por lo que los metabolitos
de
estas
especies
podrían
ejercer
una
eficacia
favorable
para
mejorar
los
trastornos
metabólicos, incluida la obesidad (Song et al., 2020).
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1228
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Tabla 3
Efectos de la suplementación con probióticos en la obesidad
Autor/año
Población
Intervención
Hallazgos
(Sergeev et
al., 2020)
Adultos
N= 20
Género: M/F
IMC medio:
33,5
Grupos control
= 10
Grupo Activo
= 10
Grupo control plan de
alimentación (bajo en
carbohidratos y alto en
proteínas). Grupo Activo
plan alimentación +
suplemento probiótico
(Lactobacillus
acidophilus
Bifidobacterium lactis,
Bifidobacterium longum
y Bifidobacterium bífido)
y trans
galactooligosacáridos.
Duración: 3 meses
Disminución significativa de
masa corporal,
circunferencia abdominal,
IMC, masa y porcentaje
grasa en los dos grupos.
Bifidobacterium se
correlaciono más en la
disminución de IMC y la
masa grasa corporal.
Disminución significativa de
porcentaje de HbA1C en el
grupo activo, pero no en el
grupo placebo.
Grupo activo.
Aumento significativo en la
abundancia de géneros
beneficiosos para reducir la
proteólisis intestinal.
(Michael et
al., 2020)
Adultos
Edad: 30-65
N= 220
Grupo
placebo: 110
Grupo activo:
110
Género: M/F
IMC: 25-39,4
Grupo placebo: dieta
habitual y cápsulas de
celulosa microcristalina
sin ningún activo.
Grupo activo: dieta
habitual y probiótico
(Lactobacillus
acidophilus,
Lactobacillus
acidophilus,
Lactobacillus plantarum,
Bifidobacterium bifidum
Disminución significativa de
peso en el grupo activo (p ≤
0,0001), IMC (p ≤ 0,0001),
circunferencia de cintura (p
≤ 0,0001) y la relación
cintura/talla (p ≤ 0,0001).
No se observaron cambios
de peso significativos en
placebo.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1229
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AO3UAN/4ZG/6nb/yk/8A26gBP+GRv+p2/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAD/hkb/qdv8A
yk//AG6gA/4ZG/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBuoAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAP+GRv+p2
/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAHJ+yS6fc8cMv00rH/tagAf9klnOX8cFj6nSs/8AtagB
F/ZIK/d8bkZ9NK/+3UAJ/wAMjf8AU7f+Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQAf8ADI3/AFO3/lJ/
+3UAH/DI3/U7f+Un/wC3UAH/AAyN/wBTt/5Sf/t1AB/wyN/1O3/lJ/8At1AB/wAMjf8AU7f+
Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQB6h8I/gjo3w/lhvZbhdU1iB3aK88jySgZSpG3c3ZiOtAH//Z
y Bifidobacterium
animalis)
Duración: 1 cápsula al
día durante 6 meses
(Song et al.,
2020)
Adultos
Edad: 20-60
años
N= 50
Grupo
placebo:25
Grupo activo:
25
Género: M/F
IMC: >25
Grupo placebo: dieta
habitual y placebo de
fructo-oligosacárido y
magnesio. estearato
Grupo Activo: dieta
habitual y probiótico
(Bifidobacterium,
Lactobacillus plantarum).
Duración: 2 capsulas al
día en 12 semanas.
Reducción significativa de la
circunferencia de la cintura
(p = 0,049) y la relación
entre el área de grasa
visceral y subcutánea (p ≤
0,001) en el grupo de
probióticos.
No se observaron cambios
de peso significativos en
placebo.
(Razmpoosh
et al., 2020)
Adultos
n = 70
Grupo
control= 35
Grupo Activo
= 35
Género:
Mujeres
IMC: ≥ 25
kg/m 2
Grupo placebo: Dieta
baja en energía
Grupo Activo: Dieta
baja en energía con 50
g/día de yogur alto en
proteínas, calcio y
enriquecido con
probióticos.
Duración: 8 semanas
Reducción significativas de
IMC ( p = 0,018), porcentaje
de grasa corporal ( p =
0,037) y circunferencia de la
cintura ( p = 0,047) en
comparación con el grupo
control.
(Rahayu et
al., 2021)
Adultos
Edad: 35-56
N= 60
Grupo
placebo: 30
Grupo activo:
30
Género: 24
Hombres y 36
mujeres
IMC: ≥25
Grupo placebo: 1 g al
día de leche desnatada en
polvo
Grupo Activo: 1 g al día
de leche desnatada en
polvo con probiótico (L.
plantarum)
Duración: 90 días.
Disminución significativa
del peso corporal y el IMC
(p ≤ 0,05) después de 90
días de ingesta de
probióticos. No se observó
una reducción significativa
del peso corporal ni del IMC
en el grupo de placebo.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1230
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Así mismo dada la casualidad bien establecida entre la microbiota intestinal y la obesidad
derivada de varios estudios, se han realizado intentos para trasplantar la microbiota intestinal
de donantes sanos (delgados) a receptores obesos (con síndromes metabólicos) en ensayos
con humanos, con el fin de determinar si existen efectos positivos en el tratamiento de la
obesidad y en sus marcadores metabólicos.
Tabla 4
Efectos de la transferencia del microbioma fecal (TMF) como tratamiento de la obesidad
Autor/año
Población
Intervención
Hallazgos
(Yu et al.,
2020)
Adultos
Edad= 25 -60
años
N=24
Grupo placebo
Y activo 1:1
IMC: >30
Resistencia a
la insulina
(HOMA-IR)
entre 2,0 y 8,0
Genero:
Capsulas TMF un solo
donante y placebo.
Los participantes se les
administraron 15
cápsulas en cada uno de
los 2 días consecutivos,
seguidas de 15 cápsulas
una vez a la semana
durante las siguientes 5
semanas. (Patrón
dietético y actividad
física estable)
Duración total: 12
semanas
El FMT oral semanal repetido
encapsulado es seguro y
tolerable en adultos con
obesidad, sin limpieza intestinal
previa o antibióticos. No hubo
diferencias estadísticamente
significativas entre los grupos
FMT y placebo en la resistencia
a la insulina, el peso corporal.
(Wilson et
al., 2021)
Adolescentes
Edad= 14-18
años
N= 87
Grupo placebo
y activo 1:1
IMC: 37,7 ±
5,3
Género: 51
mujeres / 36
hombres
Receptores se
sometieron a una
limpieza intestinal el día
anterior al tratamiento
con solución
GlycoPrep-C.
Grupo activo: Hábitos
normales más 28
cápsulas (donantes del
mismo sexo) 16
cápsulas el primer día y
12 cápsulas el día
siguiente. (Cada cápsula
contenía 0,25 g de
No hubo pérdida de peso
estadísticamente significativa
en ningún grupo. Los
receptores de TMF exhibieron
una reducción en la proporción
de grasa androide a ginoide.
TMF dio como resultado una
reducción de 4,5 veces en la
prevalencia del síndrome
metabólico en la semana 26.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1231
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1/6Sy0AfQ/xU/Z1sfG/ieXWbLWxpEk+WnT7F5/mOerZ8xcflQBxv/DI3/U7f+Un/AO3UAH/D
I3/U7f8AlJ/+3UAOH7JTjp45Yf8AcK/+3UAL/wAMlyf9Dy3/AIK//t9AB/wyU/8A0PLf+Cr/
AO3UAN/4ZG/6nb/yk/8A26gBP+GRv+p2/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAD/hkb/qdv8A
yk//AG6gA/4ZG/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBuoAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAP+GRv+p2
/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAHJ+yS6fc8cMv00rH/tagAf9klnOX8cFj6nSs/8AtagB
F/ZIK/d8bkZ9NK/+3UAJ/wAMjf8AU7f+Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQAf8ADI3/AFO3/lJ/
+3UAH/DI3/U7f+Un/wC3UAH/AAyN/wBTt/5Sf/t1AB/wyN/1O3/lJ/8At1AB/wAMjf8AU7f+
Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQB6h8I/gjo3w/lhvZbhdU1iB3aK88jySgZSpG3c3ZiOtAH//Z
microbiota en 0,5 ml de
solución salina)
Grupo placebo: misma
intervención, pero con
28 capsulas de 0,5 ml de
solución salina estéril.
Seguimiento: 6, 12 y 26
semanas
(Rinott et
al., 2021)
Adultos
Edad= >30
años
N= 90
Grupo Activo:
44
Grupo
placebo:46
Circunferencia
abdominal:
>102cm
(hombres)
>88cm
(mujeres)
TG> 150
Colesterol
(HDL)
≤ 40
(hombres)
≤ 50
(mujeres).
1era fase: a los 90
participantes se le
asignaron al azar tres
dietas de pérdida de
peso distintas (dietéticas
saludables, dietas
mediterráneas y dietas
verdes mediterráneas) y
rutina de ejercicios.
2da fase: fueron
aleatorizados para
recibir 100 g de TMF o
cápsulas de placebo
idénticas a partir de los
8 meses posteriores al
inicio de la intervención
en el estilo de vida.
Duración total: 14
meses
Disminución de niveles de
leptina en sangre en ambos
grupos de tratamiento después
de la 1ra fase: (−6,72 ng/mL y
−6,76 ng/mL; P = 0,92), A los
14 meses, la reducción de
leptina se mantuvo solo en el
grupo de TMF, con una
diferencia significativa entre los
grupos.
1era fase: disminución
significativa de FGF21 en
sangre (-10,2 pg/mL y -15,82
ng/mL, P = 0,89). A los 14
meses aumento en el grupo
placebo y se mantuvo en TMF.
Reducción de Proteína C
reactiva significativamente
mayor en el grupo TMF.
Niveles de interleucina-6 (IL-6)
no cambiaron
significativamente en el grupo
de TMF, pero aumentaron en el
grupo de placebo, con una
diferencia significativa entre los
grupos.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1232
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I3/U7f8AlJ/+3UAOH7JTjp45Yf8AcK/+3UAL/wAMlyf9Dy3/AIK//t9AB/wyU/8A0PLf+Cr/
AO3UAN/4ZG/6nb/yk/8A26gBP+GRv+p2/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAD/hkb/qdv8A
yk//AG6gA/4ZG/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBuoAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAP+GRv+p2
/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAHJ+yS6fc8cMv00rH/tagAf9klnOX8cFj6nSs/8AtagB
F/ZIK/d8bkZ9NK/+3UAJ/wAMjf8AU7f+Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQAf8ADI3/AFO3/lJ/
+3UAH/DI3/U7f+Un/wC3UAH/AAyN/wBTt/5Sf/t1AB/wyN/1O3/lJ/8At1AB/wAMjf8AU7f+
Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQB6h8I/gjo3w/lhvZbhdU1iB3aK88jySgZSpG3c3ZiOtAH//Z
El colesterol Total presento
diferencias significativas entre
grupos (TMF: 2,22 mg/dl vs.
placebo: 13,1). Con mayor
disminución de LDL en grupo
activo.
(Mocanu
et al.,
2021)
Adultos
N= 70
Edad media=
47 años
Grupo
Activo= 34
Grupo
placebo= 36
IMC: 45,3±
7,0
Genero:
Predominio
mujeres en un
83.6%
TMF o placebo oral
encapsulado con
suplementos de fibra
adyuvantes.
Divido en 4 grupos.
1er grupo: preparación
intestinal + TMF + fibra
de alta fermentación
2do grupo: TMF + fibra
de alta fermentación
3er grupo: Placebo +
fibra de alta
fermentación
4to grupo: Placebo +
fibra de baja
fermentación.
Duración: 6 semanas
Seguimiento: 12
semanas
La suplementación con fibra de
fermentación baja después del
FMT oral mostró pérdida de
peso y mejoró la sensibilidad a
la insulina desde el inicio hasta
las 6 semanas en pacientes con
obesidad severa y síndrome
metabólico. El seguimiento a
las 12 semanas mostró que
estas mejoras en la sensibilidad
a la insulina se mantuvieron
con la ingesta diaria de fibra.
También presento un mayor
grado de cambio composicional
en la microbiota intestinal. Se
observó aumentos en las
cantidades de
Phascolarcobacterium,
Christensenellaceae,Bacteroides
y Akkermansia muciniphila.
(Zhang et
al., 2022)
Adultos
N= 9
Grupo activo:
9
IMC: 31,9 -
41,5
Género: M/F
1era fase:
Preparaciones de
antibióticos durante 3
días (vancomicina 500
mg, metronidazol 500
mg y amoxicilina 500
mg).
2da fase: Tratamiento
intensivo de TMF
obtenidos de banco de
donantes (IMC <23
kg/m2) Receptores 1-4
Pérdida de peso variable a las
12 semanas de seguimiento:
Receptores 5, 6 (>4 kg) Recetor
7 (8,1 kg) Receptor 1 y 8 (4
kg). El género Bacteroides
mostró la correlación más
fuerte con el cambio del
microbioma colónico luego de
TMF.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1233
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I3/U7f8AlJ/+3UAOH7JTjp45Yf8AcK/+3UAL/wAMlyf9Dy3/AIK//t9AB/wyU/8A0PLf+Cr/
AO3UAN/4ZG/6nb/yk/8A26gBP+GRv+p2/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAD/hkb/qdv8A
yk//AG6gA/4ZG/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBuoAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAP+GRv+p2
/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAHJ+yS6fc8cMv00rH/tagAf9klnOX8cFj6nSs/8AtagB
F/ZIK/d8bkZ9NK/+3UAJ/wAMjf8AU7f+Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQAf8ADI3/AFO3/lJ/
+3UAH/DI3/U7f+Un/wC3UAH/AAyN/wBTt/5Sf/t1AB/wyN/1O3/lJ/8At1AB/wAMjf8AU7f+
Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQB6h8I/gjo3w/lhvZbhdU1iB3aK88jySgZSpG3c3ZiOtAH//Z
(donante 1) Receptores
5-6 (donante 2)
Receptores 7-9
(donantes 3, 4 y 5).
Duración: diariamente
durante 5 días
consecutivos cada
semana (2 días de
descanso) durante 4
semanas.
Seguimiento: 12
semanas
Toma de biopsias
duodenales biopsias
colónicas (todas las
semanas durante el
tratamiento).
Individualidad del microbioma
en respuesta a FMT en
receptores obesos.
Bifidobacterium predominó en
las muestras posteriores a TMF
de receptores 4-6 y 8-9.
Bacteriodes vulgatus y Alistipes
onderdonkii mostró la
correlación más fuerte con la
pérdida de peso.
Discusión
En conjunto todos estos estudios sugieren que la composición de la microbiota intestinal está
estrechamente relacionada con la obesidad al igual que los trastornos metabólicos. La
disbiosis intestinal promueve la obesidad y el microbioma intestinal se encuentra en cambio
continuo durante la progresión de la misma, el cual se ve seriamente afectado principalmente
por las dietas. También se cree que factores genéticos influyen y predisponen en el desarrollo
de la disbiosis intestinal en cualquier etapa de la vida, en las cuales los factores ambientales
pueden detonar la misma. (Machate et al., 2020).
Un estudio pasado demostró que ratones con una microbiota saludable eran resistentes a una
dieta de estilo occidental, ya que no aumentaban de peso en respuesta a la dieta que causaba
que los ratones con alteración en la microbiota se volvieran obesos. Sin embargo, cuando los
ratos sanos recibieron el microbiota intestinal de ratones obesos, su peso corporal aumentó
rápidamente y se volvieron incluso resistentes a la insulina (Wang et al., 2021).
Así
mismo
se
observó
que
las
personas
obesas
con
otras
alteraciones
metabólicas
(dislipidemia, la diabetes tipo 2, la hipertensión y las enfermedades cardiovasculares, etc) se
pueden distinguir de las personas obesas sin otras alteraciones metabólicas, en función de las
características
microbianas
intestinales.
Es
decir
que
la
composición
del
microbioma
intestinal alterada en obesos puede ser responsable de su alto riesgo de enfermedades
metabólicas, llegando a la conclusión que la disbiosis intestinal no solo podría predecir la
obesidad, sino que también a individuos predisponentes a sufrir complicaciones que puedan
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1234
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agravar el cuadro. La alteración de la proporción Firmicutes y Bacteroidetes se encontró
altamente relacionada con la hipertensión arterial, en cambio Prevotellaceae se correlaciono
con enfermedad cerebro vascular (Shin et al., 2022).
Otras bacterias como Ruminococcaceae y Faecalibacterium se encontraron disminuidos en
el grupo obesos con otras alteración metabólicas y se correlacionaron positivamente con
menor diámetro de circunferencia abdominal e IMC, las dos claves para el diagnóstico de
obesidad y riesgos metabólicos (Shin et al., 2022).
En cuanto a los mecanismos implicados en la relación de la disbiosis intestinal con la
obesidad, se encontró que la regulación de hormonas como la grelina y leptina podrían estar
asociadas
con
el
adecuado
funcionamiento
del
metabolismo
microbiano
intestinal.
Bacteroides y Prevotella están relacionados con el aumento de la secreción de grelina, la cual
aumenta el apetito y disminuye la saciedad. Así mismo se observó que pacientes obesos que
recibieron transferencia microbiana de pacientes sanos, mostraron una disminución de
leptina en sangre, una hormona que igualmente regula la ingesta de comida mediante la
estimulación de la saciedad y aumento de gasto energético. Por lo que la resistencia a la
Leptina es considerada una causa de obesidad y las concentraciones de esta hormona podrían
estar aumentadas en individuos con predisposición a la obesidad (Khalafi et al., 2023; Rinott
et al., 2021).
Dada la casualidad bien establecida entre la microbiota intestinal y la obesidad, se ha
intentado la intervención y modificación de la misma como tratamiento coadyuvante para la
obesidad. Entre los tratamientos tenemos la suplementación con probióticos, prebióticos y
simbióticos, los cuales han dado muy buenos resultados en muchos estudios principalmente
cuando son combinados con una dieta equilibrada y ejercicio diario. Por otra parte, en los
últimos años se ha investigado la posibilidad de trasplantar la microbiota intestinal de
donantes sanos (delgados) a receptores obesos en estudios en humanos los cuales han
mostrado gran controversia, ya que muchos de ellos no presentaron resultados significativos
en comparación de otros los cuales tuvieron buenos resultados (Wang et al., 2021).
En cuanto a esta revisión bibliográfica, varios de los estudios más recientes, en los cuales se
aplicó la
transferencia
microbiana
de
donantes
delgados
a personas
obesas, lograron
demostrar mejoras metabólicas importantes, sin embargo, estas fueron a corto plazo,
posiblemente debido a la pérdida progresiva del injerto microbiano del donante.
A partir de estos hallazgos Mocanu et al., (2021), realizo un estudio en el que implemento
trasplante microbiano fecal y suplementos de fibra en pacientes con obesidad el cual dio
como resultado pérdida de peso y mejora de la sensibilidad a la insulina desde el inicio y
mostró que estas mejoras en la sensibilidad a la insulina se lograron mantener con la ingesta
diaria de fibra.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1235
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AO3UAN/4ZG/6nb/yk/8A26gBP+GRv+p2/wDKT/8AbqAD/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAD/hkb/qdv8A
yk//AG6gA/4ZG/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBuoAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAP+GRv+p2
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F/ZIK/d8bkZ9NK/+3UAJ/wAMjf8AU7f+Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQAf8ADI3/AFO3/lJ/
+3UAH/DI3/U7f+Un/wC3UAH/AAyN/wBTt/5Sf/t1AB/wyN/1O3/lJ/8At1AB/wAMjf8AU7f+
Un/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf/ALdQB6h8I/gjo3w/lhvZbhdU1iB3aK88jySgZSpG3c3ZiOtAH//Z
Otro estudio de Zhang et al., (2022) menciono que tratar a los participantes con antibióticos
de amplio espectro antes de la dosificación de TMF probablemente habría aumentado la
proporción de microbios del donante y mayor mantenimiento de los mismos, sin embargo,
esto podría resultar complicado debido a los efectos secundarios que podrían traer el uso de
estos medicamentos.
Independientemente del cambio de peso, los probióticos y TMF tuvieron buenos resultados
sobre marcadores metabólicos como colesterol, resistencia a la insulina, niveles de leptina y
marcadores inflamatorios como PCR e interleucina 6. Aun así, los probióticos parecen tener
mejor respuesta en cuanto a la adaptación al tratamiento y mantenimiento de efectos a largo
plazo. Dado que se presume que la clave para el éxito de TMF podría radicar en la selección
de donantes deseables con altas tasas de injerto.
Conclusiones
Se evidencio varias especies asociadas a un perfil metabólicamente saludable como A.
muciniphila, las, Alistipes, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus y Roseburia,
las cuales pueden llegar a tener gran potencial terapéutico no solo para la obesidad sino
también para otras enfermedades metabólicas. La evaluación de biomarcadores universales
se puede aplicar para la predicción temprana y alcance de objetivos terapéuticos en la
obesidad. Se determinó que el microbioma intestinal no solo desempeña un papel importante
en el inicio sino también en la progresión de la obesidad y la aparición de otras enfermedades
metabólicas que pueden agravar el cuadro.
La disbiosis intestinal se da como consecuencia de diversos factores ambientales como el
exceso consumo de alimentos grasos y azucares o la exposición a factores estresantes, sin
embargo también existe un importante componente genético hereditario que predispone en
el desarrollo del microbioma intestinal, llegando a la conclusión que la disbiosis intestinal
podría ser una huella tanto del medio ambiente como del material genético hereditario y
predisponer a generaciones futuras a estas alteraciones metabólicas.
Se necesitan más investigaciones in vitro e in vivo en nuestra población ecuatoriana para
dilucidar las características microbianas en individuos obesos y poder compararlas con otros
países, ya que los factores ambientales y el tipo de alimentación puede influir en la
composición de la microbiota.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1236
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1237
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1238
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1215-1240
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1215-1240
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1239
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Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
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1215-1240
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Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1240
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Conflicto de intereses:
Los autores declaran que no existe conflicto de interés posible.
Financiamiento:
No existió asistencia financiera de partes externas al presente artículo.
Agradecimiento:
N/A
Nota:
El artículo no es producto de una publicación anterior.