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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1350
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Sf8A7dQB6j8I/glo/wAPnhvJbhdU1eF3aK9MHklAylSNu5uzEdaAP//Z
Congenital toxoplasmosis: epidemiology, clinical manifestations and
laboratory diagnosis
Toxoplasmosis congénita: epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas y
diagnóstico de laboratorio
Autores:
a. Q.F. Wong-Chung, Yim Yan
UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DEL SUR DE MANABI
Egresada
Guayaquil-Ecuador
wong-yim6389@unesum.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5905-456X
Dra. Castro-Jalca, Jazmin, PhD
UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DEL SUR DE MANABI
Docente
Jipijapa-Ecuador
Jazmin.castro@unesum.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7593-8552
Citación/como citar este artículo:
Wong-Chung, Yim Yan
. y
Castro-Jalca, Jazmin
. (2023). Toxoplasmosis
congénita: epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas y diagnóstico de laboratorio
.
MQRInvestigar, 7(2),
1350-1372
.
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Fechas de recepción: 31-ABR-2023 aceptación: 31-MAY-2023 publicación: 15-JUN-2023
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8695-5005
http://mqrinvestigar.com/
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1351
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G/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBuoAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAP+GRv+p2/wDKT/8AbqAD
/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAD/hkb/qdv8Ayk//AG6gA/4ZG/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBu
oAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAcv7JLL93xwV+mlY/9rUADfskM5y3jgsffSs/+1qAEH7JBHTxuR9N
K/8At1ACf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5
Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5
Sf8A7dQB6j8I/glo/wAPnhvJbhdU1eF3aK9MHklAylSNu5uzEdaAP//Z
Resumen
La toxoplasmosis es una de las zoonosis parasitarias más difundidas en el mundo y representa
el segundo agente etiológico más producida por Toxoplasma gondii. La infección se puede
adquirir por vía oral, vía transplacentario o por contacto con materiales potencialmente
contaminados como heces de gatos. El objetivo fue describir sobre toxoplasmosis congénita:
epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas y diagnóstico de laboratorio. La metodología fue
una revisión sistemática de diseño documental de tipo descriptivo. Se realizó la búsqueda de
artículos científicos en bases de datos como PubMed, Google Académico, Redalyc y
Medigraphic, Pediactric Infect, Journal of American Health, Med. Exp donde se utilizaron
los términos MeSH: “Toxoplasmosis congénita”, “tasa de morbilidad”, “manifestaciones
clínicas”, “diagnóstico de laboratorio”. Entre los criterios de inclusión están artículos de
diferentes países publicados en español, inglés y portugués. Resultados, en cuanto a tasa de
morbilidad y mortalidad de toxoplasma congénito en recién nacidos la prevalencia fue del
45%, la exposición mundial a T. gondii es alta (30 % en EE. UU. y 50-80 % en Europa). Las
manifestaciones clínicas principales fueron hidrocefalia, riesgo de aborto espontáneo, partos
prematuros, las pruebas diagnósticas fueron: inmunoenzimático o ELISA Ig M, IgG;
hemaglutinación indirecta HAI e Inmunofluorescencia IFI; case pruebas rápidas IgM, IgG;
técnica de Sabin Feldman para IgG; (ISAGA). En conclusión, La toxoplasmosis es una de
las infecciones crónicas comunes causadas por el parásito Toxoplasma gondii, la prevención
primaria sigue siendo la intervención clave para evitar la infección y, por tanto, la educación
del paciente es un aspecto importante del tratamiento.
Palabras clave: Toxoplasmosis; Congénito; Morbilidad; Manifestaciones; Laboratorio.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1352
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/wDbqAHD9klh08cEf9wr/wC3UAL/AMMlP/0PLf8Agq/+3UAJ/wAMkv8A9Dw3/gq/+3UAN/4Z
G/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBuoAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAP+GRv+p2/wDKT/8AbqAD
/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAD/hkb/qdv8Ayk//AG6gA/4ZG/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBu
oAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAcv7JLL93xwV+mlY/9rUADfskM5y3jgsffSs/+1qAEH7JBHTxuR9N
K/8At1ACf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5
Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5
Sf8A7dQB6j8I/glo/wAPnhvJbhdU1eF3aK9MHklAylSNu5uzEdaAP//Z
Abstract
oxoplasmosis is one of the most widespread parasitic zoonoses in the world and represents
the second most etiological agent is produced by Toxoplasma gondii, a obligate intracellular
protozoan that multiplies in living cells. Infection can be acquired by mouth, transplacentally,
or through contact with potentially contaminated materials such as cat feces. The aim of this
research was to describe the morbidity rate of congenital toxoplasma. The methodology was
a documentary narrative review. We searched for scientific articles in databases such as
PubMed, Google Scholar, Redalyc and Medigraphic, Pediactric Infect, Journal of American
Health, Med. Exp where the terms MeSH were used: "Congenital toxoplasmoxis","morbidity
rate", "clinical manifestations", "laboratory diagnosis". Among the inclusion criteria are
articles from different countries published in Spanish, English and Portuguese. Regarding
the results, in terms of morbidity and mortality rate of congenital toxoplasma in newborns
the prevalence was 45%, Global exposure to T. gondii is high (30% in the U.S., and 50-80%
in
Europe).
the
clinical
manifestations
were
neurological
problems
the
mainones,
hydrocephalus.
risk
of
miscarriage,
premature
births,
miscarriages,
congenital.
The
diagnostic tests were: immunoenzymatic or ELISA Ig M, IgG; indirect hemaaglutination
HAI and immunoflorescence IFI; case rapid tests IgM, IgG; technique of Sabin Feldman for
IgG; immunosorben aglattiutinon assay (ISAGA).
Keywords: Toxoplasmosis; congenital; morbidity; manifestations; laboratory.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1353
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Sf8A7dQB6j8I/glo/wAPnhvJbhdU1eF3aK9MHklAylSNu5uzEdaAP//Z
Introducción
La toxoplasmosis es causada por el Toxoplasma gondii, un parásito protozoario con un
complejo ciclo de vida que presenta tres estados: taquizoito, bradizoito y esporozoito. Su
huésped definitivo son los felinos, incluidos los gatos domésticos. Se transmite a humanos
por tres vías: consumo de carne infectada, ingesta de ooquistes de heces felinas y de manera
transplacentaria. Se estima que un tercio de la población mundial se encuentra infectado y se
asocia con infecciones congénitas y abortos (1).
En la mayoría de los casos la toxoplasmosis congénita es una enfermedad poco común en
nuestro medio, pero no deja de ser importante o que no cuenta con sus riesgo es importante
que toda mujer durante el estado de gestación se le realice el tamizaje obligatorio para este
tipo de patologías, con esto se controlara la severidad de cada caso y se tomaran las medidas
correspondientes la enfermedad cursa con poca sintomatología; incluso, asintomática por lo
que aún es más peligrosa como no hay manifestaciones puede pasar desapercibida.
La
toxoplasmosis
congénita
es
el
resultado
de
una
infección
primaria,
a
menudo
asintomática, adquirida por la madre durante el embarazo. Las mujeres infectadas antes de
la concepción no transmiten la toxoplasmosis al feto, salvo que la infección se reactive
durante el embarazo debido a inmunosupresión. La paciente puede experimentar aborto
espontáneo, muerte fetal intrauterina o malformaciones fetales. El porcentaje de fetos que
sobreviven y nacen con toxoplasmosis depende del momento en que la madre contrajo la
infección y corresponde a 15% durante el primer trimestre, 30% durante el segundo
trimestre y 60% durante el tercer trimestre. La gravedad de las enfermedades congénitas
disminuye si la madre se infecta en un momento más avanzado del embarazo. (2)
En un estudio realizado por Dael Abigail Romero y col (3) en el 2022 en América Latina
titulado Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a la toxoplasmosis en mujeres en edad
reproductiva que acudieron al Hospital Distrital de Lambaré, Paraguay”. La metodología
aplicada descriptiva analítica. Los resultados, factores que más prevalecieron la convivencia,
el contacto con gatos y el consumo de carne cruda. En África las seroprevalencia que más
predominaron fueron, Argelia con un 47,8% y en Angola con el 39,6%, en América del Sur
fueron, Ecuador con 70,64% y Brasil con 60,9%, mientras que el Pacifico occidental y Asia
Suroriental fueron del 10,3% y del 32,6% respectivamente. Y la seroprevalencia de un
estudio global fue del 30,11%. Las técnicas que más se utilizaron para identificar la infección
de Toxoplasma gondii fueron Ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas,
Un estudio realizado por Vanessa Bravo Yánez y col (4) durante 2021 investigación en Quito
Ecuador titulado: “Una revisión actualizada de Toxoplasma gondii en Ecuador: dónde
estamos y a dónde vamos desde aquí”, cuya metodología documental sistemática sus
resultados obtenidos se destacaron los siguientes el Toxoplasma gondii es un parásito
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1354
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oAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAcv7JLL93xwV+mlY/9rUADfskM5y3jgsffSs/+1qAEH7JBHTxuR9N
K/8At1ACf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5
Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5
Sf8A7dQB6j8I/glo/wAPnhvJbhdU1eF3aK9MHklAylSNu5uzEdaAP//Z
apicomplejo extremadamente exitoso, que es capaz de invadir virtualmente cualquier célula
nucleada. T. gondii tiene una seroprevalencia global estimada del 30% en la población
humana. Dentro de un huésped inmunocompetente, este parásito no causa ningún daño a los
sistemas internos; sin embargo, en los casos de transmisión congénita durante el embarazo o
de reactivación de la infección en pacientes inmunodeprimidos, la infección por T. gondii
representa una amenaza potencialmente grave. Aquí, mostramos una revisión de la literatura
dirigida a estudiar el estado de T. gondii y la toxoplasmosis en el Ecuador.
El propósito del presente estudio, tiene mucho que ver con presentar los puntos factibles de
la
toxoplasmosis
congénita
desarrollo
epidemiológico,
manifestaciones
clínicas,
su
morbilidad y mortalidad en el caso de nacimientos de menores con madres con toxoplasma
congénito siendo un riesgo que contribuye a las malformaciones en los bebe y problemas en
el nacimiento en un estudio realizado en Venezuela por los años 1970 se comprobaron 25
casos de toxoplasmosis en recién nacidos y las secuelas producto de la enfermedad que
mantenía la madre durante su gestación uno de los causales era el daño ocular cuando nacen
y su madre no ha recibido el tratamiento debido el riesgo en estos menores es muy alto de
presentar problemas oculares a corto plazo también , daño en el corazón, el seguimiento debe
ser obligatorio para los casos de los recién nacidos , y por su supuesto para la prevención de
estas y otras complicación el tratamiento y seguimiento clínico de la madre durante su
gestación.
El aporte de la investigación es primordial ya que al abordar las temáticas de los estudios que
han contribuido con la realización del tema conociendo la morbilidad, manifestaciones
clínicas y principales diagnósticos de laboratorio para el toxoplasma congénito, se ha
pretendido brindar una mejor perspectiva de la realidad que conlleva una infección como es
el toxoplasma. Además, esta investigación contribuye de manera significativa a general
productos científicos que serán de gran ayuda para la comunidad científica. La investigación
fue factible ya que se contó con el talento humano, recurso tecnológico y financiero para el
desarrollo del estudio narrativo documental donde se pudo indagar en diferentes bases de
datos los artículos relevantes sobre el tema.
Descrito lo anterior, se propusieron las siguientes interrogantes: ¿Cuál es la tasa de
morbilidad y mortalidad de toxoplasma congénito? ¿Cuáles son las manifestaciones clínicas
de toxoplasma congénito?; ¿Cuáles son las principales pruebas utilizadas para diagnóstico
clínico para el toxoplasma congénito? Se pude concluir que, el toxoplasma en si se puede
prevenir siempre y cuando exista un control desde el primer momento de la infección,
mientras que el congénito no.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1355
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/hkb/qdv/KT/APbqAD/hkb/qdv8Ayk//AG6gA/4ZG/6nb/yk/wD26gA/4ZG/6nb/AMpP/wBu
oAP+GRv+p2/8pP8A9uoAcv7JLL93xwV+mlY/9rUADfskM5y3jgsffSs/+1qAEH7JBHTxuR9N
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Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5
Sf8A7dQB6j8I/glo/wAPnhvJbhdU1eF3aK9MHklAylSNu5uzEdaAP//Z
Material y métodos
METODOLOGÍA
Diseño y tipo de estudio
Se realizó una revisión sistemática de diseño documental de tipo descriptivo.
Estrategia de búsqueda.
Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos científicos en bases de datos como PubMed, Google
Académico, Scielo, Pentaciencia,
y Medigraphic, Pediactric Infect, Journal of American
Health, Med. Exp, Revista Española Salud Publica, donde se utilizaron los términos
“Toxoplasmosis”, “Toxoplasmosis congética”, “causas”, “contagio”, “factores de riesgos”,
“tratamiento”.
Manejo de la información.
Luego de una lectura de títulos de abstracts, se estableció que artículo se incluía y cual no.
La información de los artículos se la registró en una base de datos realizada en Microsoft
Excel 2016, donde contiene información sobre año de publicación, país, autores, tema,
objetivo y metodología. Luego, se realizó la síntesis de los artículos revisados, de los cuales
se extrajo la información que estaba incluida en la revisión.
Criterios de inclusión y exclusión
Criterios de inclusión
Entre los criterios de inclusión están artículos de diferentes países publicados en español,
inglés y portugués, artículos publicados desde el 2014 hasta el 2023, y artículos relacionados
con el tema de investigación.
Criterios de exclusión
Se excluyeron artículos que no tenían relación con el tema, así como también artículos
publicados antes de 2014, monografías, información de sitios no científicos y confiables.
Consideraciones éticas
Respetaron los derechos de los diferentes autores, empleando las normativas del estilo
vancover dicha información fue citada de acuerdo a cada artículo científico.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1356
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Figura: Diagrama de flujo de la búsqueda de la información para la revisión.
Artículos disponibles para
revisión y consulta del texto
completo
(N = 88)
Artículos excluidos por no brindar
acceso y por no cumplir con el
criterio de inclusión al texto
completo
(N =115)
IDENTIFICACION
Artículos encontrados en la búsqueda primaria de información
en las bases de datos consultadas (N= 203)
Selección y
Elegibilidad
Artículos incluidos en la base
teóricos
(58)
Artículos incluidos en los resultados
(30)
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1357
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Métodos
Las fuentes secundarias de información utilizadas en el trabajo fueron libros de texto, y
artículos
científicos,
que
permiten
fortalecer
la
base
científica
del
tema
objeto
de
investigación, así como para estructurar el marco teórico de la investigación.
En reseñas de literatura: Síntesis o meta análisis.
En estudios de casos: Descubrimientos principales.
En investigación empírica: Demostración de hipótesis.
En artículos metodológicos: Procedimiento propuesto.
En artículos teóricos: Principios.
Resultados
En la investigación titulada “Toxoplasmosis congénita: epidemiología, manifestaciones
clínicas y diagnóstico de laboratorio”, se realizó la búsqueda de artículos científicos
publicados en los idiomas inglés, español y portugués desde el año 2017. Permitiendo
cumplir con cada objetivo planteados, los cuales se detallan a continuación:
Objetivo
específico 1: Indicar la tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad de toxoplasmosis
congénita.
Tabla 1 Tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad.
Ref.
Título del
artículo
Año
MORBILIDAD
Región/
País
Metodología
Población
Casos
Reportados con
T. gondii
Tasa
Morbilidad
Cynthia
Thellaech
e Cortez
y col (63)
Toxoplasmosis
congénita, reporte
de casos
2014
América
del sur,
Argentina
Estudio
descriptivo,
transversal
117
2
1.25%
Durán y
col (64)
Toxoplasmosis
2019
América
del sur,
Brasil
Análisis
transversal
100
10
10%
Jorge L y
col (48)
toxoplasmosis
congénita: la
importancia de la
adherencia a las
guías y las
implicaciones
clínicas en
Colombia
2021
América
del sur,
Chile
Estudio de casos
y controles
200
20
10%
Baquero
Artigao y
col (65)
Toxoplasmosis
congénita en
España, presente
y futuro
2022
Europa,
España
Documental
99
99
9,9%
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1358
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Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5Sf8A7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/wCUn/7dQAf8Mjf9Tt/5
Sf8A7dQB6j8I/glo/wAPnhvJbhdU1eF3aK9MHklAylSNu5uzEdaAP//Z
Geraldine
Pedraza
López y
col
(66)
Toxoplasmosis
congénita en
primera infancia y
toxoplasmosis en
mujeres en edad
reproductiva en
Colombia según
el sistema integral
de la protección
social
2022
América
del sur,
Argentina
Estudio de
prevalencia,
transversal
1000
10
10%
Ref.
Título del artículo
Año
MORTALIDAD
Región/
País
Metodología
Número
de
muertes
Población
de estudio
Mortalidad
Duarte y
col (67)
Modelo para la dinámica de
transmisión de la
toxoplasmosis congénita
2014
América
del sur,
Colombia
Estudio
transversal
retrospectivo
40
1000
4%
Hoshino T
y col. (68)
Incidencia de muerte por
toxoplasmosis congénita en
niños de 0 a 4 años en Japón
2017
Asia,
Japón
Estudio
descriptivo,
transversal
2
151
0,82%
Yonathan
Samuel y
col (69)
Toxoplasmosis congénita, una
mirada en la actualidad del
tratamiento; revisión de la
literatura
2019
América
del sur,
Brasil
Revisión
bibliográfica
9
100
9%
Arellano y
col (70)
Toxoplasmosis congénita
diagnóstico y tratamiento
2020
América
del sur,
Ecuador
Estudio
población
5
115
5,75%
Jeinny
Lucero
Ruiz
Muñoz y
col (71)
Toxoplasmosis neonatal, una
infección prevenible. Reporte
de caso.
2022
América
del sur,
Brasil
Estudio
transversal
retrospectivo
aleatorizado
10
1000
1%
Análisis: La toxoplasmosis congénita se estima que la toxoplasmosis afecta a un tercio de la
población mundial, es considerada una de las principales causas de hospitalización y muerte
atribuida a enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos, la distribución de la infección en
todo el mundo es variable, incluso dentro de un país, probablemente debido a diferencias
ambientales, tales como saneamiento, clima y humedad; socio-económicas y culturales de un
lugar en particular y sus residentes, con tasas de prevalencia en los países en desarrollo.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1359
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Objetivo específico 2:
Identificar manifestaciones clínicas de toxoplasmosis congénita.
Tabla 2. Manifestaciones clínicas de toxoplasmosis congénita
Referencia
Región/país
Título de la
investigación
Año de
publicación
Grupo etario
Metodología
Manifestaciones clínicas
Zambrano y col
(72)
América del sur,
Ecuador
Un
acercamiento a
la
toxoplasmosis
cerebral y su
diagnóstico
imagenológico
2019
Hombre 60
año con Dx.
de
toxoplasmosis
congénito
Reporte de
caso
Convulsiones, predilección por
el sistema nervioso central,
Vera y col (73)
América del sur,
Paraguay.
Características
de las lesiones
retinianas en
pacientes con
diagnóstico de
Toxoplasmosis
ocular que
acuden a un
centro de
referencia en
oftalmología
en Paraguay.
2023
Mujeres de 12
a 21 años con
Dx.
toxoplasma
congénito
Estudio es
observacional,
descriptivo, de
corte
transversal,
temporalmente
retrospectivo
La toxoplasmosis ocular
Cheroki y col (74)
América del sur,
Argentina
Cardiopatías
congénitas en
pacientes
pediátricos del
sistema
público de la
provincia de
Misiones
2022
Estudio de
casos clinicos.
Malformaciones cardiacas
congénitas
Neonatos y
menores de
cinco años
Dx. desde el
nacimiento T.
gondii
Martín Brizuela y
col (75)
América del sur,
Chile
Toxoplasmosis
congénita en
gemelos
2020
Neonatos
menos de 1
mes de vida
con Dx.. T.
gondii
Estudio
descriptivo,
transversal.
calcificaciones cerebrales y
coriorretinitis activa bilateral
Chañarte y col
(76)
América del sur,
Ecuador
Toxoplasma
gondii,
inmunidad y
estrategias de
prevención
2022
Mujeres en
periodo de
gestación
edades desde
los 14a 33
años
Revisión
sistemática
documental de
carácter
descriptivo
exploratorio
Riesgos aborto, partos prematuros
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1360
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Sf8A7dQB6j8I/glo/wAPnhvJbhdU1eF3aK9MHklAylSNu5uzEdaAP//Z
Acosta y otros
(24)
América del sur,
Argentina
Toxoplasmosis
en gestación
2021
Mujeres
gestación
Dx. T.gondii
Estudio
descriptivo,
transversal
Aborto espontáneo partos
prematuros
Messina
y col (77)
América del sur,
Colombia
Prevalencia de
anticuerpos
anti-
Toxoplasma
gondii en
embarazadas
en siete
hospitales de
Buenos Aires.
Comparación
entre 2006 y
2017
2020
Mujeres en
periodo de
gestación
gestación
Estudio
transversal
Muerte prematura bebe daño
congénito
Acevero J(36)
América del sur,
Colombia
Toxoplasmosis
desarrollo
2020
Mujeres
embarazadas
con Dx.
T.gondii
Estudio
transversal
retrospectivo
aleatorizado
Muerte prematura bebe daños
congénito
Vega y col (78)
América del sur,
Colombia
Toxoplasmosis
congénito
riesgos en el
embarazo
2021
Mujeres en
edad fértil y
embarazadas
de todas las
edades
Estudio
transversal
Abortos espontáneos
Costa A (79)
América del sur,
Argentina
Toxoplasmosis
congénito en
el embarazo
2022
Mujeres
embarazadas
Estudio
transversal
Partos prematuros
Daños congénito
Análisis:
las manifestaciones clínicas
de
toxoplasmosis
congénita, dentro de
esto se
encuentran los problemas congénitos al nacimiento son notorios como es la hidrocefalias,
problemas oculares, cardiacos y daños neurológicos todo esto es lo que conlleva a una madre
a tener un embarazo desconociendo las situaciones que se podrían presentar en el nacimiento
si este se pudiera cumplir, otro de los puntos es el parto prematuro, los abortos espontáneos.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1361
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Objetivo 3:
Demostrar que pruebas de diagnósticos de laboratorio son
empleados
para
la
detención de Toxoplasmosis congénita.
Tabla 3 Pruebas para diagnósticos de laboratorio
Ref.
País/Región
Título del artículo
Metodología
Muestra
Prueba
Pantoja y col (80)
Colombia,
América Latina.
Toxoplasmosis en sistema
nervioso central: revisión
sobre la patología,
abordaje diagnóstico y
tratamiento
Cuantitativa
cualitativa
Punción raquídea
Técnica de Elisa.IgM,
IgG
Silva y col., (81)
Canales y col.,
(82)
Colombia,
América Latina.
Chile, América
Latina.
. Infección por
Toxoplasma gondii y
factores denominantes
Evaluación de un test
comercial de avidez de
IgG: Aporte al
diagnóstico de primo
infección por Toxoplasma
gondii
Estudio
transversal
analítico
Estudio
transversal
analítico
Suero sanguíneo
Suero sanguíneo
Detección anticuerpos
séricos IgM e IgG anti T.
gondii por la técnica de
Elisa
Técnica ELISA
Cortés y col (83)
Colombia,
América Latina.
Concordancia entre
ELISA e IFI para la
determinación de
anticuerpos tipo IgG
contra Toxoplasma gondii
Casos clínicos
Pruebas
sanguineas
Técnica ELISA
Carral y col (84)
Chile, América
Latina.
Toxoplasmosis
congénita: Diagnóstico
serológico, RPC,
aislamiento y
caracterización
molecular
de Toxoplasma gondii
Casos clínico
Sueros sanguíneo
Técnica de Sabin
Feldman para IgG al
nacimiento y durante el
seguimiento serológico
hasta el año de vida. Para
determinar IgM, IgA e
IgE se utilizó la
técnica immunosorbent
aglutination
assay (ISAGA)
Coello (85)
Brasil,
Sudamérica.
Neurorretinitis atípica
por toxoplasma con
vítreo transparente
Sueros sanguíneos
Elisa y case priebas
rapidas .IgM, IgG
Casos clínicos
Intriago y col (86)
Colombia,
América Latina
Patología análisis y
diagnóstico clínico para
toxoplasma
Muestras
sanguíneas
Elisa
Casos clínicos
Cárdenas (87)
Colombia,
América Latina.
Frecuencia de
anticuerpos anti
Toxoplasma gondii en
gestantes de Cúcuta,
Colombia
Muestras
sanguíneas
Casos clínicos
Elisa
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1362
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Castro y col (88)
Colombia,
América Latina.
Patología análisis en
pacientes con
toxoplasmosis
congénita
Casos clínicos
Pruebas
sanguíneas
Elisa IgM, IgG
Análisis e interpretación
:
las pruebas de diagnósticos para la detección del toxoplasma es la técnica de Elisa y las
pruebas en case IgG, IgM las misas que brindan la seguridad y el mejor manejo para la
obtención de los resultados que se requieren las muestras son recolectadas en sangre o en
punción de líquido cefalorraquídeo cuando se necesita un resultado mucho más complejo
para el pertinente diagnóstico del paciente.
Discusión
En la investigación se seleccionaron un total de 88 artículos, de los cuales, 30 artículos fueron
utilizados para resultados y 58 fueron utilizados para la base teórica de la investigación, los
cuales refirieron sobre la: Toxoplasmosis congénita: epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas
y diagnóstico de laboratorio
La toxoplasmosis congénita tiene mucho que ver con los problemas que se presentan en los
neonatos con complicaciones tanto en morbilidad como en mortalidad si es el caso de que el
parto llegue al término porque existe un porcentaje en partos prematuros y muertes fetales.
por lo que es necesario que se implementen procesos para evitar que la mortalidad por
toxoplasma aumente.
En un estudio realizado por Cynthia Thellaeche Cortez y col., (63)
la prevalencia mundial de
la TC en recién nacidos puede variar de 1 a 10 por 10,000 nacidos vivos (NV), varía según
el área geográfica: Suecia: 1/10,000 NV, Brasil: 3/10,000 NV, Francia: 10/10,000 NV). En
Colombia se estima que podría estar entre 2 y 10 por cada 1000 NV, lo que representa de 600
a 3000 niños que nacen cada año con infección congénita.
Así mismo los resultados obtenidos por Geraldine Pedraza López y col.,(66) son similares en
la prevalencia de toxoplasma congénito en gestantes se mantenía en un nivel del 46% a que
producto de esto los productos no lleguen a un parto con el tiempo de gestación normal y los
neonatos presenten problemas de anomalías después del nacimiento lo que hace indicio a los
problemas de morbilidad y mortalidad.
Mientras que Hoshino T y col. (68) en su investigación acotan que el número calculado de
muertes anuales en lactantes fue de 0,82 y en niños de 1 a 4 años fue de 2,09; por lo tanto,
aunque son pocas, las muertes por toxoplasmosis congénita siguen ocurriendo en recién
nacidos, lactantes y niños pequeños. En el estudio realizado por Ampuero y col., (70)
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1363
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coinciden en que los porcentajes de morbilidad en neonatos es el 42% mientras que su
mortalidad es el 4% debido a las complicaciones congénitas que se evaluaron durante el
nacimiento.
En lo que respecta a las manifestaciones clínicas son convulsiones, problemas cardiacos,
oculares e incluso la muerte. Ante todo, la madre que se encuentra seropositiva al toxoplasma
congénito tiene que tener la precaución de recibir el tratamiento a tiempo, es posible controlar
la patología pues si no es posible corregir anomalías que ya son congénitas que lo único que
van a generar a corto plazo es la muerte de ese bebe, pudiéndolo evitar todo esto con
responsabilidad desde antes del periodo de gestación.
Otro estudio realizado en América
Latina por Vera y
col., (73) hace mención a la
toxoplasmosis congénita, como un problema latente en las mujeres embarazadas y en los
niños nacidos de ellas, por el factor transmisor los llevo a una patología o complicación de
vida que puso ser evitable.
Para los autores Cheroki y col., (74) expresan que las principales manifestaciones del sistema
nervioso
central
fueron
hidrocefalia,
calcificaciones
intracraneales,
microcefalia
y
convulsiones; la manifestación ocular más frecuente fue la coriorretinitis. Sin embargo,
Martín Brizuela y col., (75) difieren y refieren en su estudio que la mayor parte de los casos
de
toxoplasmosis
congénita
suelen
ser
asintomáticos
es
necesario
realizar
pruebas
diagnósticas y un examen físico completo ante la sospecha de la infección para detectar
tempranamente todas las manifestaciones posibles.
Mientras que Vega y col., (78) acotan que la transmisión de madre a hijo en la infección por
Toxoplasma gondii ocurre solo cuando la infección se adquiere por primera vez durante el
embarazo, por lo que es necesario mantenerse en constante chequeo para evitar la infección.
El diagnóstico de infección materna y del recién nacido se logra mediante una combinación
de pruebas serológicas, características clínicas e imágenes de ultrasonido. Un diagnóstico
precoz de la infección materna permite un tratamiento que ofrece una reducción tanto de la
tasa de transmisión como del riesgo de daño.
Para Silva y col., (81) La toxoplasmosis congénita continúa siendo un problema de salud
pública. Aun cuando existen guías completamente divulgadas y conocidas, se observa poca
implementación de ellas en algunas instituciones de salud y una interpretación incorrecta de
las pruebas serológicas en las gestantes. Esto puede generar falta de captación y tratamiento
en embarazadas con primo infección por Toxoplasma gondii.
En un estudio realizado por Carral y col.,
(84) los análisis sanguíneos son los más comunes
para la obtención del confirmatorios de la patología mientras que la técnica más utilizada es
la prueba Elisa por su compleja y seguridad que existe en los resultados de análisis clínicos.
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1364
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En otro estudio realizado por Intriago y col., (86) utilizan las pruebas de Elisa para confirmar
la presencia de Toxoplasma gondii, corroborando con la versión así que las utilizada como
diagnósticos de análisis clínicos son la técnica de Elisa IgG/IgM. Corroborando esta
información Castro y col., (88) en su estudio indican que el diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis
congénita en el recién nacido es un tema muy importante debido a la necesidad de un
tratamiento precoz para prevenir futuras secuelas.
En el desarrollo el presente estudio se tuvo acceso a artículos científico que han sido la
fortaleza del desarrollo y cumplimiento de los objetivos destacando países de América Latina
recopilación para el actual desarrollo formando gran parte de la investigación en su mayoría
también vale destacar las debilidades que fueron: pocos artículos con cinco años de
antigüedad al presente año que se realiza esta pesquisa encontrados en continente europeo y
Estados Unidos.
Por último, se sugiere que se realicen investigaciones a futuro en relación a la epidemiología
del
toxoplasma
congénito,
morbilidad,
mortalidad
factores
de
riesgos,
y
pruebas
de
diagnóstico clínicos es imprescindible que exista mucha más información actualizada sobre
este tema de gran importancia para la comunidad estudiantil, profesionales de tercero, cuarto
nivel y público en general.
Conclusiones
Los estudios revisados demostraron la aparición de toxoplasmosis congénita en recién
nacidos, lactantes y niños pequeños manteniendo una mortalidad elevada en este grupo
vulnerable,
ya
que
la
infección
primaria
suele
ser
asintomática
en
individuos
inmunocompetentes.
Los
estudios
serológicos
han
demostrado
que
la
exposición
por
toxoplasma es común (EE.UU. 30%). 50-80% en Europa). Además, Latinoamérica cuenta
con algunas cepas de Toxoplasma con un comportamiento más agresivo, incluyendo un
mayor riesgo de muerte.
La toxoplasmosis es una infección hereditaria que todavía está muy extendida en algunos
países con graves consecuencias, trastornos neurológicos y riesgo de lesiones oculares
incluso en estadios avanzados. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la toxoplasmosis congénita
descritas en el estudio son principalmente: convulsiones, tendencia del sistema nervioso
central, toxoplasmosis ocular, anomalías cardíacas congénitas, calcificación cerebral y
coriorretinitis, riesgo de aborto espontáneo, parto prematuro, aborto espontáneo, muerte
infantil prematura.
Las pruebas de diagnóstico de laboratorio para toxoplasma congénito más utilizadas fueron:
inmunoenzimática
o
ELISA
IgM,
IgG;
hemaglutinación
indirecta
HAI
e
Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1365
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inmunofluorescencia IIF; caso prueba rápida IgM, IgG; técnica de Sabina Feldman para la
detección de IgG; prueba de aglutinación inmunoabsorbente (ISAGA).
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1366
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1367
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1368
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1369
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1370
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1371
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Vol.7 No.2 (2023): Journal Scientific
Investigar ISSN: 2588–0659
https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.2.2023.
1350-1372
Vol.7-N° 2, 2023, pp. 1350-1372
Journal Scientific
MQRInvestigar 1372
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Conflicto de intereses:
Los autores declaran que no existe conflicto de interés posible.
Financiamiento:
No existió asistencia financiera de partes externas al presente artículo.
Agradecimiento:
N/A
Nota:
El artículo no es producto de una publicación anterior.